Sufi History
Jahriyya Sufi History in Northwest China: A Guide to the Eight Generations of Murshids and Gongbei Shrines
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[Internet Repost]
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism. view all
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism. view all
[Internet Repost]
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism.
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism.
Jahriyya Sufi History in Northwest China: A Guide to the Eight Generations of Murshids and Gongbei Shrines
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We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism. view all
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism. view all
[Internet Repost]
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism.
We are breaking down the historical legacy of the Jahriyya Sufi order in Northwest China, spanning from the first generation, Ma Mingxin, during the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong era, to the eighth generation of Murshid (spiritual guides). We will cover their birth and death dates, religious and spiritual titles, ancestral origins, key historical contributions, and the locations of their Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint) memorial sites.
Below, we will detail each of the first eight generations of the Taye (elders/Murshids), covering their birth and death, nicknames, spiritual titles, hometowns, major historical deeds, causes of passing, burial locations, and their overall significance in the order.
First Generation: The Ancestral Master (Daozu Taye) — Ma Mingxin (1719—1781)
Religious Name: Muhammad ibn Sayyid
Spiritual Title: Wiqaya-tullah (Protector of the Lord)
Nicknames: Daozu Taye (Ancestral Master), Guanchuan Taye
Ancestral Home: Daxiguan, Hezhou, Gansu (modern-day Linxia)
Background: He lost his father at a young age and grew up in poverty. He started learning at a mosque at age 6, and at 9, he traveled with his uncle for Hajj. They got separated, leaving him stranded in Central Asia and Yemen.
Studies: He spent about 15 years studying at the Naqshbandiyya (Jahriyya) school in Yemen under Muhammad Buluseni, where he received the Jahriyya lineage.
Instruction: Before he returned to China, his mentor told him, 'You will spread the order for eight more generations in China, then the lineage will conclude.'
Mission in China (1761):
He preached in Xunhua, Qinghai, and Guanchuan and Majiabu in Dingxi, Gansu.
He advocated for simplifying religious rituals, opposed the hereditary nature of Sufi orders, and promoted a lifestyle of purity and frugality, gaining a massive following.
He established the Jahriyya (a practice of loud dhikr/remembrance of Allah), which distinguished it from other orders.
The 1781 Su 43 Uprising:
Due to religious conflicts, Su 43 led Jahriyya followers in an uprising against the Qing government.
The Qing military lured Ma Mingxin into a trap, arrested him, and brought him to Lanzhou, where he was executed on the 27th day of the third lunar month at the age of 62.
Gongbei: Lanzhou Dongchuan Gongbei (Daozu Gongbei).
Legacy: Founder of the Jahriyya and the first-generation ancestor; he laid the foundation for the spirit of 'Shahid' (martyrdom).
Second Generation: The Pingliang Taye — Mu Xianzhang (1745—1812)
Spiritual Title: Imam al-Alam (Leader of the World)
Nickname: Pingliang Taye
Ancestral Home: Pingliang, Gansu
Background: Ma Mingxin’s top student; he previously served as a 'Khatib' (sermon giver) at the Shangsi Mosque in Pingliang.
Succession: After the Ancestral Master was martyred in 1781, he secretly succeeded him as the second-generation leader.
Situation: The Qing government was harshly cracking down on the Jahriyya, banning the faith, killing followers, and tearing down mosques; the order was near extinction.
The Eighteen Years in Pingliang (1784—1812):
He lived in seclusion in Pingliang, keeping a low profile, practicing patience, and preaching in secret to preserve the faith.
In 1784, when Tian Wu and Zhang Wenqing launched the Shifengbao uprising to avenge the Ancestral Master, the attempt failed and Mu Xianzhang was arrested and imprisoned.
He suffered greatly in prison and passed away on the 27th day of the fifth lunar month in 1812 at age 67.
Gongbei: Pingliang Nantai Gongbei.
Legacy: Known as the Ancestor who preserved the faith in dire circumstances, he established the Jahriyya's survival model of 'silent endurance and resilience.'
Third Generation: The Shipyard Taye — Ma Datian (1757—1817)
Spiritual Title: Qutb al-Alam (Pillar of the World)
Nicknames: Shipyard Taye (Chuanchang Taye), Lingzhou Taye
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou, Gansu (modern-day Lingwu, Ningxia)
Background: A student of Mu Xianzhang and a key leader of the Lingzhou branch.
Succession: Took over as leader after Mu Xianzhang passed away in 1812, continuing the 'Pingliang-Lingzhou' lineage.
Preaching: Centered in Lingwu and Jinji, Ningxia, he secretly expanded the follower base, shifting the center of the Jahriyya order to Ningxia.
Tragedy: He was discovered by the Qing government in 1817 and exiled to Heilongjiang; he became ill and passed away while traveling through the Chuanchang (shipyard) area in Jilin (modern-day Jilin City) at age 60.
Gongbei (shrine/tomb of a Sufi saint): Jilin Shipyard Gongbei, Ningxia Lingwu Gongbei.
Status: The founding father of the sect in Ningxia, where Jahriyya (a Sufi order) firmly took root and established the Lingzhou doctrinal lineage.
The Fourth Generation: The Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master — Ma Yide (1778—1849).
Sufi Title: Haqq-Allah (Right of Allah).
Nickname: Eighth Day of the Fourth Lunar Month Master (he returned to Allah on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Lingzhou (Lingwu), Ningxia; son of Ma Datian.
Succession: Took over in 1817 after his father passed away, marking the start of hereditary succession (the first three generations were selected by merit).
Missionary Work: Centered in Jinjibao, he openly preached and expanded their influence, turning Jinjibao into the political, economic, and religious hub of the Jahriyya.
Management: Managed trade and camel caravans, building significant wealth and laying the foundation for the Ma family legacy.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1849 on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month at age 71.
Gongbei: Ningxia Jinjibao Gongbei.
Status: The restorer of the sect and the founder of the Jinjibao base, just before the Jahriyya entered its golden age.
The Fifth Generation: The Thirteenth Master — Ma Hualong (1810—1871).
Islamic Name: Tobir Tullah.
Sufi Title: Sayyid al-Shuhada (Leader of the Martyrs).
Nickname: Thirteenth Master (martyred on the 13th day of the 1st lunar month).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao (Wuzhong), Ningxia; son of Ma Yide.
Succession: Became the leader in 1849, representing the fifth generation of the Jahriyya and the peak of the Jinjibao era.
Strength:
Commanded tens of thousands of troops and controlled most of Ningxia; Jinjibao featured fortified defenses and over five hundred outposts.
The Qing government granted him the title of Qianzong (a military rank), nominally submitting to the state while effectively ruling as an autonomous force.
The Dungan Revolt (1862—1871):
Launched an uprising against the Qing in 1862, sweeping across Ningxia and Shaan-Gan.
Captured Lingzhou in 1863, killed the local magistrate, and greatly increased his influence.
In 1870, Zuo Zongtang’s army besieged the area, surrounding Jinjibao for a year until their food and reinforcements were cut off.
On the 13th day of the 1st lunar month in 1871, Ma Hualong and his son surrendered; they were shortly after executed by lingchi (death by slow slicing) at age 61.
Gongbei: Wuzhong Siqiliangzi Gongbei.
Status: The most tragic martyr-leader; the fall of Jinjibao dealt a devastating blow to the Jahriyya.
The Sixth Generation: Yunnan Third Master / Beishan Master (Branch).
(1) Yunnan Third Master — Ma Fuchu (1791—1872).
Ancestral Home: Yunnan; descendant of Ma Mingxin, leader of the Yunnan branch.
Achievements: A master of Islamic theology with many writings, serving as the leader of the Jahriyya in the Southwest.
Outcome: Killed by Qing troops in 1872.
(2) Beishan Master — Ma Jincheng (1843—1899).
Ancestral Home: Jinjibao, Ningxia; the only surviving grandson of Ma Hualong (son of Ma Yaobang).
Experience: Captured when Jinjibao fell, castrated and enslaved, later rescued and lived in seclusion in the Beishan mountains (Haiyuan, Ningxia).
Succession: Secretly succeeded as the sixth generation, restored the order's lineage, and paved the way for the seventh generation.
Return to Allah: Passed away in 1899.
Gongbei: Haiyuan Beishan Gongbei.
The Seventh Generation: Shagou Master — Ma Yuanzhang (1853—1920).
Sufi Title: Sayyid Tun-la
Nickname: Shagou Taiye (the Grand Master of Shagou)
Origin: Born in Jiezhou, Gansu (modern-day Wudu). Later moved to Shagou, Xiji. He was the nephew of Ma Jincheng.
Biography:
Following the Jinjipu Incident, he lived in exile in Yunnan and Guizhou, using business as a cover to stay connected with the Hui Muslim community.
After Ma Jincheng returned to Allah (passed away) in 1899, he succeeded him as the seventh leader (Murshid).
After 1900, he returned to the Northwest, settled in Shagou, Xiji, rebuilt the Daotang (religious center), and revived the Jahriyya order.
Key characteristics: Focused on intellectual revival and peaceful preaching, opposed violence, maintained ties with government officials, and protected the local community.
Passing: He perished during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake at the age of 67.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: Known as the restorer of the order and a model for peaceful mission work; he led the Jahriyya out of its darkest times and brought it back to life.
The Eighth Leader: The Eighth Grand Master — Ma Zhenwu (1895—1960)
Sufi Title: Abdul-Haliq
Nickname: Ba Bei Taiye (The Eighth Grand Master)
Origin: Shagou, Xiji, Ningxia; the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.
Biography:
As a child, he was summoned to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, essentially serving as a hostage and remaining stuck in the capital for years.
Following his father's death in 1920, he took over as the eighth leader.
During the Republican era, he served as a member of the Gansu Provincial Government and a representative to the National Assembly, actively participating in politics.
In 1936, he welcomed the Red Army during their westward march, advocating for national equality and unity.
After the founding of the People's Republic, he served as the Chairman of the Xiji-Haiyuan-Guyuan Hui Muslim Autonomous Region, a member of the Ningxia Preparatory Committee, and Deputy Director of the China Islamic Association.
In 1958, he was wrongly labeled a rightist. He passed away in 1960 at age 65 after years of being wronged; he was officially exonerated in 1984.
Gongbei (shrine): Shagou Gongbei in Xiji.
Legacy: The final leader of the line and a patriotic religious figure who witnessed the entire evolution of the Jahriyya from the Qing Dynasty through to the new China.
A one-line summary of the eight generations:
1. Founder (Ma Mingxin): Established the order and became a martyr.
2. Pingliang (Mu Xianzhang): Preserved the faith during a time of crisis.
3. Chuanchang (Ma Datian): Laid the foundation in Ningxia.
4. Siyueba (Ma Yide): Sparked a revival at Jinjipu.
5. Shisan (Ma Hualong): Reached the tragic pinnacle of the order's history.
6. Beishan (Ma Jincheng): Kept the lineage hidden while waiting for renewal.
7. Shagou (Ma Yuanzhang): Led a peaceful restoration.
8. Ba Bei (Ma Zhenwu): The final leader and a voice for patriotism.