Reposted from the web

Summary: This first part of the Jiangsu mosque series documents historic Hui Muslim mosque sites in northern Jiangsu, including Yanghe Mosque, Siyang Mosque, Siyang West Mosque, Shuyang Mosque, Hexia Mosque, Wangjiaying Mosque, Yancheng Mosque, and Baoying Mosque. The article preserves the original mosque names, founding dates, community histories, inscriptions, architectural details, and image order.

I am sharing the 25 historic mosque buildings I have visited in Jiangsu, moving from north to south.

1. Suqian

1. Yanghe Mosque (Yanghesi): First built during the Qianlong reign, rebuilt after 1945.

2. Huai'an

1. Qingjiang Mosque (Qingjiangsi): First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1870.

2. Hexia Mosque (Hexiasi): First built during the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty.

3. Wangjiaying Mosque (Wangjiayingsi): First built during the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in 1985.

3. Yancheng

1. Yancheng Mosque (Yanchengsi): Built during the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty, renovated in 1928.

4. Yangzhou

1. Baoying Mosque (Baoyingsi): Rebuilt in 1910, rebuilt again in 2022.

2. Gaoyou Mosque (Gaoyousi): Rebuilt in 1864.

3. Lingtang Ancient Mosque (Lingtang Gusi): First built at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, moved to its current site in the early Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in 1924.

4. Shaobo Mosque (Shaobosi): First built during the Xianfeng reign of the Qing Dynasty.

5. Xianhe Mosque (Xianhesi): First built in 1275, rebuilt in 1390.

6. Majian Lane Mosque (Majianxiang Libaisi): First built in 1714.

7. Huihui Tang Mosque (Huihuitangsi): First built in 1275, rebuilt in 1776.

5. Zhenjiang

1. Shanxiang Mosque (Shanxiangsi): Expanded during the Kangxi reign, rebuilt in 1873.

2. Jianzi Lane Mosque (Jianzixiangsi) Ming and Qing Dynasty stone carvings.

3. Nanmenwai Mosque (Nanmenwaisi) Qing Dynasty mihrab.

4. Xinhe Street Mosque (Xinhejie Huijiaotang): 1930.

6. Nanjing

1. Jingjue Mosque (Jingjuesi): First built during the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1877.

2. Original Taiping Road Mosque: First built in the early Ming Dynasty, moved and rebuilt in 2005.

3. Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque.

4. Hushu Mosque: First built in 1392, rebuilt in 1896.

5. Liuhe South Gate Mosque: First built in 1403, raised and renovated in 2013.

6. Liuhe Women's School: First built in 1912, rebuilt in 1930.

7. Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque: First built in 1424, rebuilt during the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty.

8. Zhuzhen Mosque: Rebuilt in 1901, renovated in 2001.

9. Zhuzhen Women's Mosque: First built in 1921, rebuilt in 1931.

Suqian Yanghe Town Mosque.

The Suqian Yanghe Town Mosque was first built during the Qianlong reign. It was funded by Yu Qin, a local scholar from Yanghe who had served as an education official in Lishui, Pizhou, and Ningguo, and was built on Rice Market Street in Yanghe. It was destroyed during the Japanese invasion and later rebuilt. The current main hall features a hip-and-gable roof, a post-and-lintel frame, and upturned eaves with wind bells hanging from the four corners. It was listed as a Suqian cultural heritage site in 2010.

Yanghe Town Mosque belongs to the Jahriyya Banqiao Daotang. During the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty, Chang Tingzhang (1785-1870), a Hui Muslim from Siyang, Jiangsu, traveled to Lingzhou (modern-day Lingwu) in Ningxia to study. After completing his studies, he brought the Jahriyya tradition to the Huai-Si region. Chang Tingzhang was famous far and wide for his profound knowledge and had many disciples when he began teaching at the Huaiyin Wangjiaying Mosque. Since then, mosques including the Huaiyin Wangjiaying Mosque, Siyang Zhongxing Town Mosque, and Yanghe Town Mosque have all followed the Jahriyya tradition. Before 1932, the imams of Yanghe Town Mosque were all assigned from Ningxia. After 1932, Imam Ma Chengliang served until he passed away in 1979.























Huai'an Qingjiang Ancient Mosque.

Qingjiangpu in Huai'an was dredged in 1415 (the 13th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty). It was the center of grain transport for the Grand Canal during the Ming and Qing dynasties, where grain transport ships from all provinces were built and repaired. Because navigating the Yellow River section of the canal was very dangerous, and waiting times to pass through locks in Shandong were too long, many merchants chose to leave their boats at Qingjiangpu. They would cross the Yellow River and switch to horse-drawn carriages to continue north, making Qingjiangpu a symbol of the "southern boats and northern horses" transport system.

The most important pier in Qingjiangpu was next to the Yue Lock. It was called the Imperial Pier because both Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong landed there during their southern inspection tours. This was once the busiest and most prosperous place in Qingjiangpu. Hui Muslims began doing business on Yuehe Street in front of the Imperial Pier during the Ming Dynasty, and the earliest Qingjiang Ancient Mosque was built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty.

In 1677 (the 16th year of the Kangxi reign), the Governor of the Waterways moved to Qingjiangpu, and it became the center of grain transport. In his collection of notes and stories, Golden Pot Seven Inks (Jinhu Qimo), Qing Dynasty writer Huang Junzai recorded: 'Along the Qingjiang River for over ten miles, the markets were bustling and food was abundant. People from all directions gathered here, shoulder to shoulder and wheel to wheel, in a very prosperous scene.' In 1799 (the 57th year of the Qianlong reign), the Qingjiang Mosque (Qingjiang Gusi) underwent a large-scale expansion, marking the peak of its prosperity.

In 1860 (the 10th year of the Xianfeng reign), the Nian Army captured Qingjiangpu and the Qingjiang Mosque was destroyed. The imam, Ma Huanwen, sadly passed away from illness while preparing to raise funds for the mosque (nietie). Fortunately, an elder from Nanjing named Jiang Hengqing took over, organized the community to raise funds (nietie), and finally rebuilt the mosque in 1870 (the 9th year of the Tongzhi reign).

In 2006, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was listed as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level. Three historic mosques were included along the canal: the North Mosque in Linqing, the East Mosque in Linqing, and the Qingjiang Mosque in Huai'an. It can be said that the Hui Muslim community in Huai'an grew because of the canal and is inseparable from the canal's grain transport history.

Looking from the opposite bank of the Li Canal, you can see the gate of the Qingjiang Mosque right next to the Imperial Wharf ruins, helping you imagine what the busy grain transport days looked like.

















Inside the courtyard, the main prayer hall and the north wing, known as the Butterfly Hall, are Qing Dynasty structures. Beside the main hall stands a Chinese trumpet creeper (lingxiaomu) over 320 years old.



The main hall is a Qing Dynasty building made of two connected hard-mountain roofs (yingshanding) with a kiln-style hall (yaodian) at the back, typical of traditional Jianghuai architectural style.





















The north wing of the Qingjiang Mosque is called the Butterfly Hall (hudieting). This is a traditional name for garden architecture in the Jianghuai region, named because the corners of the hall curve upward like the wings of a dancing butterfly.















Two stone steles at the Qingjiang Mosque.

The first is the 'Prohibition Edict Stele' from the 57th year of the Qianlong reign. It was written and erected by the county government to explicitly ban corruption, issued by Wu Li, the magistrate of Qinghe County, Huai'an Prefecture, Jiangnan, who held a fifth-rank title and had been commended five times.







The second is the 'Stele Record of the Rebuilding of the Mosque Main Hall' from the 9th year of the Tongzhi reign, which documents the process of rebuilding the main hall during the Tongzhi period. The inscription records donors from nineteen places: Henan, Shandong, Jinling, Yunnan, Zhili, Chuanshan, Hexia, Lixiahe, Baoying, Gaoyou, Shaobo, Xiannumiao, Taizhou, Xinghua, Dongtai, Rugao, Shuyang, the Xinzi Cavalry, and Yuanpu. Donors from Henan, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhili, and Chuanshan were mostly traveling merchants, reflecting the prosperous 'southern boats and northern horses' scene of Qingjiangpu during the Qing Dynasty. The others were local mosque communities in Jiangsu. Some, like the Shaobo mosque, have since been abandoned, offering a glimpse into the rise and fall of the Hui Muslim community in Jiangsu.







Ancient well



Column base



Coffin for the deceased (tabumaiti xia)



Tombstone of Madam Yang, mother of the Ma family, from the 14th year of the Guangxu reign, and the tombstone of the Sai family of the Ma clan from Anhui.





Tombstone of the Sai family of the Ma clan from Anhui



Stone railing



Drum-shaped stone base with cypress and deer carvings (bailutu baogushi)





Hexia Mosque

Hexia Ancient Town in Huaian is the largest town on the outskirts of Huaian Prefecture. Because the salt from the coastal salt fields in Huaibei was high in both quantity and quality, many salt merchants from the northwest and Anhui came to Huaibei in the late Ming Dynasty to work in the salt industry. The Huaibei Salt Transport Branch was located in Hexia Town at the time. Salt from the fields had to be shipped to Hexia for inspection before merchants could sell it elsewhere. Hexia Town then entered its most prosperous period. Salt merchants built gardens and courtyards there. The Qing Dynasty record Huaian Hexia Annals states: Wealthy salt merchants brought their capital and made their homes in Hexia, and Hexia became extremely prosperous. The wealth brought by these salt merchants made the town's business thrive, and many Hui Muslims also came to settle in Hexia.

Hexia Mosque is located south of Luojia Bridge in Hexia Town. It was first built during the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860, during the tenth year of the Xianfeng reign, the Nian Army captured Huaian and burned down ten rooms of the mosque, which were later rebuilt. The main hall of Hexia Mosque is a Qing Dynasty structure with blue bricks, dark tiles, and upturned eaves, showing a typical Jianghuai architectural style. It was listed as a cultural relic protection unit of Huaian City in 2006.

Above the main hall door hangs a chestnut wood plaque inscribed with the words Si Wu Xie (Thinking Without Evil), written by Tian Rui, the acting prefect of Huaian in the tenth year of the Daoguang reign. Plaques originally on both sides, inscribed by anti-Japanese hero Zuo Baogui and Yunnan Commander Ma Chang'an, were destroyed after the 1960s.

The imam (ahong) of the mosque usually stays at a nearby beef and mutton shop. If you call the number posted on the mosque gate, he will come over to open it.

















An ancient well dug in the early Qing Dynasty.































Wangjiaying Mosque.

Wangjiaying in Huaian is located between the old course of the Yellow River and the Salt River. During the Ming Dynasty, the Dahe Guard was established in Huaian Prefecture, and ten military camps were built along the Yellow River. Wangjiaying was one of them. Because travel on the Yellow River section of the canal was slow and passing through locks was dangerous, often leading to broken cables and sunken boats, many merchants chose to leave their boats at Qingjiangpu. They would cross the Yellow River at Wangjiaying and switch to horse-drawn carriages to continue north. Wangjiaying and Qingjiangpu gradually grew into a busy town together.

Wangjiaying experienced many floods from the Yellow River, and the town moved east three times before reaching its current location. In 1831, the eleventh year of the Daoguang reign, Viceroy Tao Peng chose Wangjiaying as the new distribution center for Huaian salt. After that, eighteen salt warehouses and seventy-two salt bureaus were opened in Wangjiaying. Salt boats traveled back and forth every day along the three-hundred-li waterway from the Huaibei salt fields to Wangjiaying.

The prosperity of Wangjiaying attracted a steady stream of Hui Muslims to settle there. The first Hui Muslims to arrive in Wangjiaying were the Ma and Sha families, who came via Lingwu County in Ningxia, Shandong, and Zhenjiang. Later, Hui Muslims with the surnames Jin, Dai, Chang, Ge, Fan, Li, and Yang also settled here.

Wangjiaying Mosque was first built during the Yongzheng reign. It started as three thatched rooms next to the Lotus Pond at Wangjiapo. After Wangjiaying became a salt distribution center in the late Daoguang reign, the mosque moved to the south bank of the Salt River, with imams Chang Tingzhang and Dai Mingxuan in charge of religious affairs. Imam Chang Tingzhang, known as Third Master Chang, was originally from Jining, Shandong. He was born in 1785, the fiftieth year of the Qianlong reign, in Taoyuan County, Huaian Prefecture, Jiangsu (now Siyang). In his youth, he studied in Lingzhou (now Lingwu County, Ningxia) and continued his religious studies in Jining, Shandong, after completing his initial training. In 1810, the fifth year of the Jiaqing reign, the 26-year-old Imam Chang Tingzhang was invited to Wangjiaying Mosque to lead religious affairs. Imam Chang Tingzhang had deep knowledge of Arabic classics, astronomy, and medical theory. According to the Wangjiaying Annals, a man named Third Master Tao from Hangzhou died in Huaian during the Daoguang reign. Because it was the heat of midsummer, Imam Chang Tingzhang personally bought a boat and traveled south along the canal to escort the body back to Hangzhou to fulfill his duty to the family.

In 1860 (the 10th year of the Xianfeng reign), the Nian Army burned down the Wangjiaying Mosque. In 1867 (the 6th year of the Tongzhi reign), Imam Dai Jingzhai, the son of Imam Dai Mingxuan, built a few thatched huts. Later, with donations from the community, they built a main prayer hall with three rooms made of grass.

After Imam Chang Tingzhang passed away in 1870 (the 9th year of the Tongzhi reign), Imam Dai Jingzhai took charge of religious affairs. In 1884 (the 10th year of the Guangxu reign), he replaced the grass-roofed building with a tiled one. Because Imam Chang Tingzhang had studied at the Jahriyya Banqiao Daotang in Jinjibu, Lingwu County, Ningxia, when he was young, the Wangjiaying Mosque later invited five successive Jahriyya imams from Jinjibu to lead religious services and teach. Subsequent imams also went to Ningxia for further study, making Wangjiaying Mosque one of the nine branch centers of the Banqiao Daotang.

In 1912, the Wangjiaying Mosque built a new main gate, a south lecture hall, a kitchen, and a water room. In 1920, with funding from the Jinshan Tang in Gansu and money from selling dozens of willow trees from the public cemetery, they rebuilt the three-room tiled porch in front of the main hall and added three new rooms for the east lecture hall. Currently, there is a stone tablet from 1920 commemorating the Republic of China renovation on the inner north wall of the main hall, but the top part is covered.

In 1958, the Wangjiaying Mosque moved to the east side of the West Horse Road in Wangying. In 1961, it moved to its current location because the land was requisitioned for a bank building. During the destruction of the Four Olds, the main hall's plaques reading "The Way Spreads in the Central Land," "The Religion Follows the Western Regions," and "Stop at the Ultimate Good," along with the gold-lettered Arabic plaques and the couplet reading "See the formless, hear the soundless, rectify the intention and be sincere, become a sage and a worthy, the original nature;" “The Way stands here, movement brings harmony, reach others through oneself, benefit the people and the world, the land is complete” were all smashed and burned. Funeral supplies were also destroyed, and the main hall was used as a warehouse by a shoe and hat factory.

In 1979, under the leadership of Imam Ge Weili, the Wangjiaying Mosque was rebuilt in a traditional style. It was completed in 1985 and underwent two more renovations and expansions in 2003 and 2006, resulting in its current appearance.

Imam Ge Weili was born in 1924. He went to Ningxia to study in 1937. After completing his training and receiving his credentials in 1945, he became the imam of Wangjiaying Mosque and took on the role of imam in 1966. The religious work at Wangjiaying Mosque is now handled by Imam Fan Weiming, a student of Imam Ge Weili.

















The Republic of China era inscription reads as follows:



The Wangying Mosque was founded during the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty. By the end of the Daoguang reign, our community was at its peak. The population was large, and businesses were thriving. With the old Imams Chang Tingzhang and Dai Mingxuan leading religious affairs one after another, the lecture hall was always full, and many students were trained. This is recorded in the local history and can be verified. In the Gengshen year of the Xianfeng reign, the Nian rebellion suddenly occurred. The mosque was burned to the ground, our people fled or died, and the population gradually dwindled.

In the sixth year of the Tongzhi reign, Imam Dai Jingzhai, the son of the old Imam Dai Mingxuan, followed his father's teachings and took over the religious duties. He first built a few thatched huts to teach the faith morning and evening. However, for prayers, it was too simple and exposed to the elements; For gatherings, it was too small to hold everyone. The Imam was deeply worried about this. He persuaded people to donate and built a main prayer hall with three rooms made of grass. Later, he discussed it with Yang Xuting, Ma Yunfeng, and Guo Daosheng. With their help, in the tenth year of the Guangxu reign, they rebuilt the tiled main hall and lecture halls, and things began to return to normal. As more of our people lived here, the original public cemetery became crowded, and after many years, there was almost no space left. The Imam was concerned that there were few cemeteries for the community, and whenever a major funeral occurred, it was difficult to manage. He planned to buy a piece of land to provide for the future. He got the agreement of Mr. Ma Yunfeng, but before the matter was finished, Mr. Ma passed away. What a pity! Fortunately, Mr. Ma's brother, Runzhi, carried out his brother's wishes. With the strong support of the village elder Mr. Li Yunpo, they set aside differences, raised funds, and bought two new cemeteries. The benefits provided by the imam (ahong) to our people are thorough and complete. This is largely due to the support of those passionate about public welfare, but it is also the result of the imam's decades of solitary, painstaking effort and his sincere devotion.

In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), we worked to continue the legacy of our predecessors by adding a main gate, a south lecture hall, and a kitchen. Mr. Ge Ziming funded the construction of the washroom (shuifang) with a donation of several hundred thousand. We also invited Imam Wang Pinqing from Gansu Province to teach scripture. Visitors from all over who came here always spoke highly of him. In recent years, wind and rain have damaged the buildings, and the main hall is at risk of collapsing. We met to discuss the situation and sold dozens of willow trees from the perimeter of the cemetery, raising over two hundred thousand. We also received a donation of many roof tiles and timber pieces from the Jinshan Hall in Gansu. We then built three tiled, curved-eave rooms in front of the main hall and fully repaired the surrounding walls, the three-room east lecture hall, and the courtyard of the inner gate. This massive project was completed through a combination of public funds and donations from afar. We feel ashamed that we lack the personal wealth to do more, but we share these details because, despite two hundred years of constant change, our mosque still stands tall. This is largely due to the efforts of our ancestors and village elders. We sincerely hope that future generations will remember the hardships of those who built this place and preserve it forever so it may last without decline. We have recorded the full story here.

July, the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920).

Jin Jiasheng, Jin Jialin, Guo Chunlin, Yang Fangtian.

Chang Bingkui, Li Shunjie, Chang Guanying, Mu Hongbin.

Jin Jiayuan, Ma Jianong, Fan Zhaofeng, Yang Guiyuan.

Ge Futang, Li Dianqing, Ma Jiarang, Mu Hong'en.

Ma Jialin, Ge Zhenqing, He Wenquan, Zhou Fengling.

Sha Faxiang, Liu Lianyuan, Zhou Riyang, Mu Hongye.

Yancheng Mosque.

Yancheng Mosque is located on Xicang Lane (historically called Xicang) in the Yancheng urban area. It was first built during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty as three thatched rooms by five Hui Muslim families: the Ha, Huo, Ding, Liu, and Xue families. It was expanded in 1720 (the 59th year of the Kangxi reign) and rebuilt again in 1928 into the current brick-and-wood main hall.

The Republic-era 'Continued Records of Yancheng County' states: 'The mosque is located on Xicang Street in the city. It was founded during the Ming Yongle period. In the 59th year of the Qing Kangxi reign, land was purchased to expand it, and it was renamed the Mosque (Qingzhensi). Recently, it was renamed the Hui Church (Huijiaotang). The leader of the faith is called an imam (ahong).' In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the Yancheng branch of the Jiangsu Islamic Association was established. In the 18th year (1929), it was renamed the Yancheng branch of the Chinese Islamic Association.

During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Yancheng Mosque suffered two disasters. On March 30, 1938, it was bombed by the Japanese military. On April 26 of the same year, the Japanese military occupied Yancheng and set fire to the city. Except for the main hall, which survived, all other buildings were destroyed.

The main hall of Yancheng Mosque features traditional Jiangsu architectural style, with flying eaves in the front and a kiln-style niche (yaowo) in the back. The main hall still preserves the original wood-carved circular frame featuring a dua, which is very exquisite. According to Imam Xue Long from Zhenjiang, the inscriptions on the top and bottom of the main hall plaque use Arabic, Persian, and Xiao'erjing. They translate to: Completed on an auspicious day in the eighth lunar month of the 17th year of the Republic of China, respectfully erected by Abdullah Yang Luji. This is very precious.

The imam of Yancheng Mosque from 1936 to 1979 was Bai Hanzhang. Imam Bai was from Minquan, Henan. He graduated from the Beijing Niujie Islamic Institute in 1922. Later, he served as an imam in Jurong, Zhenjiang, and Nantong, Jiangsu. He became the imam of Yancheng Mosque in 1936 and served there until he passed away in 1979.

























Baoying Mosque

Baoying Mosque was originally located in Guojia Lane inside the east gate of the county town. Its founding date is unknown. It was rebuilt in 1910 (the second year of the Xuantong reign) at the entrance of Luoxiang Lane at the foot of the south city wall. With the help of Tao, the wife of anti-Japanese hero Zuo Baogui, and led by Imam Zhao Dezhai and others, many people including the Gao Mu Ma Jin family from Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Huaiyin, Yangzhou, Yancheng, and Baoying raised funds to complete it in 1914. Baoying Mosque closed after 1958. It was rebuilt on the original site in 2002 and officially opened in 2006.

Baoying Mosque still has the water well dug during the 1910 construction and the ginkgo tree planted at that time. Imam Li at the mosque is from Siyang, Jiangsu. He usually runs the nearby Li's Beef and Mutton shop. If you want to enter the mosque, just call the number on his door. Imam Li is very welcoming. He says that Baoying Mosque still has some local Gao Mu who come to the mosque for Friday Jumu'ah prayers, which is better than some mosques where almost all the attendees are friends (dost) from the Northwest. Imam Li comes from the Zhepai Banqiao Daotang, but he treats all sects equally, and the religious community in Baoying County is very united. view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This fourth part of the Jiangsu mosque series records historic mosque sites in Nanjing and Liuhe, including Taiping Road Mosque, Caoqiao Mosque, Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque, Hushu Mosque, South Gate Mosque, Changjiang Road Mosque, and Zhuzhen Mosque. The article preserves founding dates, women's mosque history, Da Pusheng family records, stone tablets, ancient trees, and surviving architectural details.

















The front hall of the former Taiping Road Mosque served as the office for the chairman of the Chinese Islamic Association between 1945 and 1949, where Bai Chongxi once worked.

















The brick carving titled 'Purifying the Heart and Gazing at the Palace' (xixin zhanque) from the water room of the former Taiping Road Mosque.



The former Taiping Road Mosque collection includes the 'Postscript to the Filial Piety Arch for Mother' written by Jiang Guobang. It records that Jiang, a wealthy Nanjing merchant, lost his father early and was raised by his mother, Madam Ma. In 1911 (the third year of the Xuantong reign), he petitioned to build a memorial arch for his mother's filial piety. Due to the change in government, it was finally completed in 1914.

Jiang Guobang came from the wealthy Jiang merchant family of Jinling, but he was indifferent to fame and wealth, dedicating himself to the study of traditional Chinese classics. Jiang Guobang was very filial. To provide his mother with a good place for her retirement, he spent a large sum of money to buy the Small Ten Thousand Willow Hall (xiaowanliutang) by West Lake in Hangzhou, later naming it 'Jiang Manor' (Jiangzhuang), which was one of the three major manors of West Lake at the time. Jiang Guobang oversaw the reconstruction of the Taiping Road Mosque in 1924 and later built a filial piety arch for his mother inside the mosque. The arch no longer exists, leaving only the stone tablet record.







The Qing dynasty well railing and the Guangxu reign stone tablet at Caoqiao Mosque. Caoqiao Mosque was first built during the Guangxu reign of the Qing dynasty, destroyed by fire during the Taiping Rebellion, and rebuilt in the early years of the Tongzhi reign. Because it was located in Qijiawan, a neighborhood where Hui Muslims lived, Caoqiao Mosque once had the largest number of congregants in Nanjing. Historically, Caoqiao Mosque had no property of its own; its daily expenses were covered by the Beef and Bone Trade Association located within the mosque. After 1958, Caoqiao Mosque was occupied and later rented to the Nanjing Woodware Factory, suffering severe damage. The property was returned in 1985 but remained closed until it was demolished in 2003.







Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque.

Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque was first built in the late Tongzhi reign of the Qing dynasty. It is one of the few remaining old buildings among the 33 mosques in Nanjing from the Republic of China era. The mihrab (mihalabu) niche currently in Jingjue Mosque was moved here from the Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque. Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque was used as a residence for a long time. It has now been vacated and may be put to new use.

In 1917, Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque founded the private Wuben Primary School to teach cultural subjects and Islamic knowledge. It moved to the entrance of Xiaowangfu Lane on Fengfu Road in 1953 and became a municipal school in 1956.



















Hushu Mosque.

Hushu Mosque was first built in 1392 (the 25th year of the Hongwu reign). It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and the main hall was rebuilt in 1896 (the 22nd year of the Guangxu reign). In 1911, five tile-roofed rooms were built on the left side in front of the main hall, with the water room on the left, dormitories on the right, and a guest hall in the middle. In 1919, three rooms of the front hall, five rooms of the main hall, and two rooms of the east wing at the main gate were rebuilt.

Around 1932, a primary school for Hui Muslim children was established inside Hushu Mosque, which moved out of the mosque in 1956. In 1964, the main hall of Hushu Mosque was demolished during the 'Four Cleanups Movement' and was occupied by the Hushu Straw Bag Factory, Hushu Hardware Factory, and Hushu Supply and Marketing Cooperative during the Cultural Revolution. The main hall was rebuilt in 1988. The roof of the main hall at Hushu Mosque was originally built in a palace style with upturned eaves, but it was changed to a flat roof after renovations.







The gate piers from the original construction in 1392.







A ginkgo tree transplanted in 1689.









Liuhe South Gate Mosque.

Liuhe once had seven mosques and three schools for women. Today, the Changjiang Road Mosque, South Gate Mosque, and Zhuzhen Mosque are open, and the historic buildings of the South Gate Women's School and Zhuzhen Women's School have been preserved.

Liuhe South Gate Mosque was first built in 1403 (the first year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty), renovated in 1553 (the 32nd year of the Jiajing reign), destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and later rebuilt. One of the four famous imams of the Republic of China, Imam Da Pusheng, had three generations of his family—from his great-grandfather to his father—serve as the imam at South Gate Mosque. The old Da family home is on Qingzhen Street right at the mosque entrance. Imam Da Pusheng studied the scriptures at South Gate Mosque for seven years from the age of 10 to 17, before moving on to Nanjing and Beijing for further studies.

The ancestors of the Baiyetang Da family, to which Imam Da Pusheng belonged, were from the Western Regions during the Yuan Dynasty. Research shows they belonged to the Kipchak Yuliberi tribe, and his ancestor served as a darughachi in Zhenjiang before passing away there. His sixth-generation ancestor, Da Shanyu, moved from Zhenjiang to Liuhe in the early Ming Dynasty to take up a position as a county assistant. He settled in Liuhe, making this the oldest Hui Muslim family from the Western Regions in the area.

After 1966, South Gate Mosque was occupied by a kindergarten, during which time the Shamao Hall (a secondary hall), the north wing, the red gate, and the entrance hall were demolished. The kindergarten moved out in 1975, and the site was later borrowed by Baozhen Primary School. It was finally reclaimed in 2000 when the school moved out. In 2013, the main hall was raised and rebuilt. Later, the Tongxin Tower and Tongxing Building were added, and the site was finally opened for use in 2020.



















Stone carvings and ancient trees at Liuhe South Gate Mosque:

A stone tablet from the seventh year of the Daoguang reign commemorating a house donation by a Hui Muslim named Li.



A boundary marker for the mosque.



A stone tablet from the 12th year of the Guangxu reign, recording that South Gate Mosque was destroyed by the Taiping Rebellion during the Xianfeng period, many Hui Muslims from the local militia died in battle, and the government later stepped in to protect the graves.



A couplet written by Wang Jianli in the 10th year of the Republic of China: 'Keep your heart pure and clean as if in the afterlife, return to the truth and simplicity just the same.'



Qing Dynasty drum-shaped stone bases in front of the main gate.





A 460-year-old Chinese juniper in front of the main hall, classified as a first-class ancient tree.





Liuhe Women's School.

The Liuhe Muslim Women's School began in 1912, and the current building was constructed in 1930. It was later used as a funeral home for Hui Muslims and is a rare surviving example of a Muslim women's school from the Republic of China era.

Traditionally, these women's schools did not form formal classes, did not call the adhan, did not hold Jumu'ah or Eid prayers, and the female imam (shiniang) did not lead the prayer from the front, but instead stood in the middle of the first row. Women's mosques (nuxue) do not have minarets, and the main prayer hall does not have a pulpit (minbar). Female imams (shiniang) lead the local women in their religious duties and teach them about the faith.

Women's mosques emerged in the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, starting in Henan and spreading to nearby areas in Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui. In the early Republic of China, the New Culture Movement and the women's liberation movement helped Hui Muslims understand the ideas of promoting women's education and ending foot-binding. The number of women's mosques grew quickly, with over 100 in Henan province alone, and many more built in other provinces.

During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing had two women's mosques at Hanximen and Changle Street. During the Republic of China, four more were built at Fangjia Lane, Zhuganli, Shigu Road, and Dahuifu Lane, but all of these have since been torn down. In the early Republic of China, Liuhe had three women's mosques at Houjie, Nanmenwai, and Zhuzhen. The historical buildings at Nanmenwai and Zhuzhen still stand today.













Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque.

The Changjiang Road Mosque was originally called Chengqingfang, and was also known as the Liuhe North Mosque, the City Mosque, or the Da Family Mosque. It was built in 1424 (the 22nd year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty) by the Da family, who had lived in Liuhe for generations. The Changjiang Road Mosque was destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Xianfeng period. It was later rebuilt through donations from the imam Liu Weiting and local elders. In 1885 (the 11th year of the Guangxu reign), Da Guangyong donated money to build a reception hall. In 1928, Wang Dashi, the widow of the wealthy merchant Wang Zuochen and aunt of the great imam Da Pusheng, donated money to build the Wuxin Pavilion on the site of the original Wangyue Tower.

In 1899, the great imam Da Pusheng returned to his hometown of Liuhe from the Niujie Mosque in Beijing to serve as the imam of the Changjiang Road Mosque. It was not until 1905, when Imam Wang Kuan of Niujie went on the Hajj, that Imam Da returned to the Niujie Mosque to serve as the acting imam and lead religious affairs. Imam Da founded the Guangyi Primary School inside the Changjiang Road Mosque to promote modern education. He offered courses in Chinese and Arabic, scripture, geography, history, and mathematics, marking the first transition from traditional scripture hall teaching to modern education. In a memoir from the early 1950s, Imam Da wrote: 'I worked hard for six years. Perhaps moved by the success of Guangyi Primary School, the local Hui Muslims supported the school with great effort. Looking back, it was not easy to struggle at that time, patiently convincing stubborn traditionalists and acting courageously without being accused of going against the faith!'

After 1966, the Changjiang Road Mosque was occupied by a theater troupe and a cultural troupe. It was returned and reopened in 1983.



















Existing stone tablets at the Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque:





The 11th-year Guangxu tablet records Da Guangyong's donation to build the reception rooms at the Liuhe City Mosque. Da Guangyong was an 18th-generation descendant of the Baiyetang Da family, held a minor official rank, and lived to be 81.



The 25th-year Guangxu tablet, titled 'Record of the Renovation of the Tangyi City Mosque and the Surrounding Market Shops,' documents the specific situation of the Changjiang Road Mosque during the Guangxu period. All those who signed it were local Hui Muslims from the Da family.



The 17th-year Republic of China tablet, regarding Wang Dashi's donation to help repair the Wangyue Pavilion and redeem market shops, records that Dashi, the wife of the Zhuzhen elder Wang Zuochen, donated money to build the Wangyue Pavilion. Wang Zuochen was a Hui Muslim from Zhuzhen, Liuhe. He ran a grain business on North Street in Zhuzhen for decades and was very devout, never missing his prayers. However, he was suddenly kidnapped by bandits in 1925 and was never heard from again. Wang Zuochen's wife, Dashi, was also very devout and had founded the Zhuzhen Women's School. After her husband went missing, Dashi spent years asking people to help find him, but there was no result. Because Wang Zuochen had no brothers or children, Dashi donated all the family's money to the Zhuzhen Mosque and to build the Wangyue Pavilion at the Changjiang Road Mosque.





Inside the mosque, there is a 350-year-old Chinese juniper (yuanbai) tree.







Zhuzhen Mosque

Zhuzhen Mosque was originally located outside the East Bridge. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion and rebuilt in 1901 (the 27th year of the Guangxu reign) in Wangjia Lane in the middle of the old street. In 1968, Zhuzhen Mosque was turned into a dormitory for teachers at an agricultural middle school. It was reclaimed and reopened in 1983, and the main hall was rebuilt in 2001.

In 1939, the imam of Zhuzhen Mosque, Li Shudu, formed the Hui Muslim Anti-Japanese Independent Guerrilla Battalion and served as its commander. He worked with the New Fourth Army and made significant contributions to the anti-Japanese cause.

Additionally, in 1939, Hui Muslims from the 'Qiaobang' group in the Gaoyou and Lingtang areas built a mosque near Xinhua Garden on the west side of Zhuzhen. After 1966, it was converted into a Hui Muslim food processing factory.





Zhuzhen Mosque still has a door plaque from the Qing Dynasty's Guangxu reign, inscribed with 'Built by the Zhudun Community.' Zhudun is the old name for Zhuzhen.















Liuhe Zhuzhen Mosque houses a Qing Dynasty stone well called 'Songquan,' two pairs of drum-shaped stone bases, and a 1927 (the 16th year of the Republic of China) stele recording the will of Wang Zuochen's wife, Madam Da. Madam Da was the aunt of the great imam Da Pusheng. The inscription records that the Zhuzhen Girls' School was founded by Wang Zuochen and fellow members of the faith, who also provided all the funding. Later, Wang Zuochen was kidnapped by bandits and remained missing for several years. Because of this, his wife, Madam Da, decided to donate all their family farmland and property, except for a portion used for her own support. The funds were mainly for the daily expenses of the Zhuzhen Girls' School, with the remainder going to Zhuzhen Mosque. The inscription mentions her 'nephew Da Pusheng.'







Across from Zhuzhen Mosque, there is a shop selling small-mill sesame oil (xiaomo mayou), and there are only hand-pulled noodle (lamian) shops in town.









Zhuzhen Girls' School

Zhuzhen Girls' School features typical Jianghuai architectural style. The entrance hall and the main hall form a small courtyard, and both sides have classic Hui-style horse-head walls (matouqiang).

Zhuzhen Girls' School was founded in 1921 by Wang Zuochen, the uncle-in-law of the great imam Da Pusheng, along with fellow members of the faith in Zhuzhen. It was originally located on Zhuzhen Middle Street and was rebuilt in 1931 by Wu Tieqian and others along the south riverbank outside the East Bridge. After 1966, the Zhuzhen Girls' School was occupied by the Hui Muslim food processing factory. It was renovated in 2007 and is currently not open to the public. During the Republic of China era, the Zhuzhen Girls' School was led by two female imams, Teacher Dai and Teacher Bai, who taught scriptures and religious doctrines to local Hui Muslim women.

Wu Tieqian was a famous Hui Muslim anti-Japanese patriotic businessman. His original name was Wu Jiashan. At age 22, he inherited his father's business and ran the Wudeyuan Grain Store. After 1938, when the New Fourth Army entered Zhuzhen to lead the anti-Japanese resistance, Wu Tieqian took the lead in donating grain, money, and guns. He also served as the chairman of the Zhuzhen Merchants' Anti-Enemy Association. In 1942, Wu Tieqian became the first mayor of the Zhuzhen Anti-Japanese Democratic Government. He took risks to rescue and protect many comrades and also mobilized ambitious young people to join the revolution. After the founding of New China, Wu Tieqian was elected as the vice director of the Nanjing Islamic Association. He passed away (guizhen) in 1967. view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This 2017 mosque-visit record follows 27 historic mosques and Muslim heritage sites across different places. The English version keeps the original route, mosque names, photos, and local details while making the long record easier to read.

In 2017, I continued visiting Hui Muslim communities along the Grand Canal and started visiting those along the Yangtze River. That year, I traveled to Cangzhou in Hebei, Linqing, Liaocheng, Xuzhou, Huai'an, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, and Jiaxing and Hangzhou in Zhejiang along the Grand Canal. Along the Yangtze, I visited Shanghai, Nanjing in Jiangsu, Wuhu, Hexian, and Anqing in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi, and Wuhan and Jingzhou in Hubei. I recorded the scenes of these Hui Muslim communities and visited some of their ancient mosques and historical sites. Some of these communities, like those in Wuhan and Jingzhou, have since been demolished, making these records a piece of history. In the summer, I also went to Dali to visit some ancient mosques in Weishan and Eryuan. I actually visited many ancient mosques in 2017, but some were revisited later and included in previous articles, so they were not counted here. This article includes 27 of them.

January: 3 mosques in Jiangsu.

Yangzhou Puhading Tomb Mosque: Puhading is said to be a 16th-generation descendant of the Prophet. He came to Yangzhou during the Southern Song dynasty (1265-1274) and passed away in 1275 during the Yuan dynasty. He was buried on a high ridge east of the Dongguan River in the new city, a place later called Huihui Tang (commonly known as Baba Yao). The main prayer hall of the mosque is next to the gate of the Puhading tomb complex. Stone carvings inside the gate record that in 1845, people of various surnames donated funds to build a stone embankment and renovate the hall.



Zhenjiang Xinhe Street Mosque: Built in 1930, it was originally a private residence purchased with donations from Hui Muslims in both Shanghai and Zhenjiang. It is a traditional Jiangnan-style house with three courtyards and two side wings. In 1926, Fa Jiesan, who moved from Zhenjiang to Shanghai, discussed theology with Imam Ha Cheng of the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque. After accepting the teachings of the Ikhwan sect, he returned to Zhenjiang and began practicing his faith at home according to Ikhwan rituals. Later, funds were raised in Shanghai and Zhenjiang to build an Ikhwan-style mosque on Xinhe Street. In 1958, the Xinhe Street Mosque merged with the Dashan Lane Mosque. It later became a dormitory for a forestry machinery factory and has been abandoned ever since.



Zhenjiang Gurun Mosque: First built in the Yuan dynasty, it was destroyed at the end of the Yuan and beginning of the Ming dynasty. It was rebuilt during the Hongwu reign of the Ming dynasty and moved to Jianzi Lane in the city in 1602. It was occupied after 1958, destroyed in the 1970s and 1980s, and completely demolished in 2005 before being rebuilt at its current location. The site preserves a stone tablet from the Ming dynasty renovation, an ancient well railing, three Qing dynasty renovation tablets, and the mihrab from the original mosque outside the south gate of Zhenjiang.



February: 2 mosques in Zhejiang.

Jiaxing Mosque: First built in 1602, it was renovated in 1747 when a lecture hall was added to the east side of the main hall. The gate was rebuilt in 1774. After the Taiping Rebellion, it fell into ruin until it was reused by Hui Muslims who moved there from Henan after the Republic of China was established.



Hangzhou Phoenix Mosque: Originally named Zhenjiao Mosque, it was destroyed at the end of the Southern Song dynasty and rebuilt in the early Yuan dynasty. When Zhongshan Road was widened in 1929, the gate and the Moon-Watching Tower (Wangyue Lou) were demolished. The main hall was torn down in 1953. Today, only the kiln-style hall (yaodian) remains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties.



March: 3 mosques in Jiangsu.

Huai'an Hexia Mosque: Located in the ancient town of Hexia, it was built between the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Ten of its rooms were burned down by the Nian Army in the late Qing dynasty, but it was later repaired.



Huai'an Qingjiang Mosque: First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty, it was renovated and expanded twice during the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns. It was destroyed by the Nian Army in 1860 and rebuilt in 1870.



Huai'an Wangjiaying Mosque: Located on the north bank of the old Yellow River course, it was built during the Yongzheng reign. It was destroyed in the war with the Nian Army in 1860 and rebuilt in 1867. It was damaged in 1966, with the main hall used as a warehouse for a shoe and hat factory, and was rebuilt in 1979. The old imam of the Wangying Mosque, Chang Tingzhang, studied at a daotang in Lingwu County (Lingzhou), Ningxia, during the Qianlong reign. Subsequent imams also went to Ningxia to study, making it a mosque of the Jahriyya (Zhe) sect.



March: 2 mosques in Hebei.

Cangzhou North Mosque: The area near the south gate of Cangzhou was a key path to the Grand Canal. Most Hui Muslims, who were mostly craftspeople and small traders, chose to live here. In 1420 (the 18th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty), the Cangzhou North Mosque was officially built in the south of the city, with land donated and construction led by Wu Yongzuo.



Cangzhou Botou Mosque: In 1404 (the second year of the Yongle reign), the Ming Emperor Chengzu, Zhu Di, ordered residents to move to Cangzhou. Many Hui Muslims arrived in Botou because of this. Records show that Hui Muslims with the seven surnames of Yang, Cao, Dai, Hui, Zhang, Wang, and Shi all moved to Botou in 1404 by imperial decree from Erlanggang, Shangyuan County, Yingtian Prefecture, Nanjing. Research shows that Erlanggang was a camp for Semu people who surrendered to the Ming from the Yuan Dynasty. The Botou Mosque was officially completed that year. The Botou Mosque underwent large-scale expansion during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, reaching its current form.



April, 1 mosque in Hubei

Wuhan Qiyi Street Mosque: The first mosque in Wuchang with a recorded history is the Qingjing Mosque, built in the early Ming Dynasty. Because it was located at the east gate of the Huguang Governor's Office inside the Wangshan Gate in the south of Wuchang city, it was later called the Yuanmenkou Mosque. It was also commonly known as the Shanqian Mosque because it sat south of Snake Hill. According to the Kangxi edition of the Wuchang Prefecture Gazetteer of Huguang, the Yuanmenkou Mosque once held the famous 'Imperial Praise of the Prophet in One Hundred Words' stone tablet by the Ming Emperor Taizu. The courtyard of the current Qiyi Street Mosque holds three 'One Hundred Word Praise' tablets. Besides one carved in the Qing Dynasty, the other two broken tablets are very likely the originals from the Yuanmenkou Mosque.



May, 1 mosque in Jiangxi

Jiujiang Mosque: In 1450 (the first year of the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty), Hui Muslim general Ma Hazhi was transferred to be the commander-in-chief of Jiujiang. He led three imams and over 1,500 Hui Muslim officers and soldiers, along with their families, to station in Jiujiang. They built the first Jiujiang Mosque next to the military camp at Jiwan outside the West Gate. During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the political situation was unstable, so many Hui Muslims left Jiujiang and the mosque was destroyed. It is said the mosque was rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty, and two imperial tablets were carved during the Qianlong reign, but they were later destroyed in war. In 1821 (the first year of the Daoguang reign), Hui Muslim generals Tao Kuichen and Zhao Zhenqing from Shouzhou, Anhui, were transferred to be the garrison commander and city defense battalion leader in Jiujiang. They brought 500 Hui Muslim Flying Tiger Battalion soldiers and their families to station in Jiujiang. After that, many Hui Muslims from Anhui and Henan came to Jiujiang to do business and settle down. In 1850 (the 30th year of the Daoguang reign), Qian Baochang, an antique dealer from Huaining, Anhui, took the lead in donating timber to build two rooms and renovate the Jiujiang Mosque. In 1898 (the 24th year of the Guangxu reign), Hui Muslim general Zhu Tianqing from Shouzhou, Anhui, who served as the Jiujiang garrison commander, and Jiujiang commander-in-chief Tao Zhan led an expansion of the Jiujiang Mosque. The boundary stone set during this renovation remains today.



June, 2 mosques in Anhui

Anqing Nanguan Mosque: In 1469 (the fifth year of the Chenghua reign), the hereditary Cavalry General Ma Yi built the Anqing Nanguan Mosque on Zhongxiao Street inside the Zhenhai Gate (South Gate) of Anqing. The main gate faced the city wall, and he also built the Ma Family Muslim Dunyue Hall as a residence next to the mosque. In 1643 (the 16th year of the Chongzhen reign), the late Ming warlord Zuo Liangyu led his troops through Anqing, and the Nanguan Mosque was damaged. It was renovated during the Kangxi reign. In 1853 (the third year of the Xianfeng reign), the Nanguan Mosque was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion. In 1876 (the second year of the Guangxu reign), the main hall was built in the style of the Wanshou Palace and Fengzhi Guild Hall with a round ridge, and the reconstruction was finally completed in 1897 (the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign).



Anqing Xiguan Mosque: During the Qianlong reign, the number of Hui Muslims outside the West Gate of Anqing grew, but the prayer times did not match the city gate opening and closing times, making it very inconvenient to go to the Nanguan Mosque. Therefore, Ma Tianrong, a 12th-generation descendant of the Ma family of the Dunyue Hall in Huaining, donated two public houses outside the South Gate to build a new mosque at Gou'erkou outside the West Gate. In 1877 (the 13th year of the Guangxu reign), the Xiguan Mosque moved to the street behind Gou'er Mountain outside the West Gate. In 1995, Xiguan Mosque was renovated and expanded into a kindergarten for ethnic minorities, and today only the main gate remains.



Three mosques in Shanghai in June.

Shanghai Fuyou Road Mosque: It was first called Chuanxin Street Prayer Hall, later renamed Chuanxin Street Mosque, and is commonly known as the North Mosque. In 1863 (the second year of the Tongzhi reign), Hui Muslims from Nanjing living near the Old North Gate of Shanghai rented two single-story houses on Xiaopi Lane as a temporary place for namaz. In 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign), 31 community elders including Ma Hanzhang, Ha Qingtang, and Jin Lanpo raised funds under the name Wubentang to rebuild it into a main prayer hall on Chuanxin Street. In 1897 (the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign), 22 elders including Ha Shaofu and Jiang Xingjie raised money to buy land and expand the mosque by two halls, completing the work in 1900 (the 26th year of the Guangxu reign). In 1905 (the 31st year of the Guangxu reign), 31 elders including Ha Shaofu, Jiang Xingjie, Sha Yunjun, Jin Dongxu, and Yang Zhuping raised funds again to buy land and expand the mosque to three halls. In 1935, the famous Hui Muslim merchant Ha Shaofu initiated the conversion of the street-facing stone-gate (shikumen) residence into a three-story reinforced concrete building, with a moon-viewing pavilion built on the rooftop terrace.



Shanghai Xiaotaoyuan Mosque: Formerly known as the West City Mosque, it is commonly known as the West Mosque. In 1917, the famous Hui Muslim merchant Jin Ziyun bought a garden residence on Xiaotaoyuan Street in Xicang and donated the land to build the mosque. In 1925, Jin Ziyun initiated another fundraising campaign, including donations from places like Hong Kong, to rebuild the mosque into its current form.



Shanghai Zhejiang Road Mosque: Formerly known as the Concession Mosque, it is commonly known as the Foreign Mosque. In 1855 (the fifth year of the Xianfeng reign), an Indian named Dosti, who worked as a chef at the Indian Bapali Trading Company in Shanghai, bought land to serve as a cemetery for foreign nationals and built a prayer hall. In 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign), the Bapali Trading Company funded the construction of an official Concession Mosque and appointed an Indian named Wuliamu Ali as the first imam. At that time, many Hui Muslim fur and cotton merchants from Henan and Hubei provinces had shops around the Concession Mosque and visited it frequently. In 1880 (the sixth year of the Guangxu reign), Wuliamu Ali traveled to Henan, Hubei, and other places to raise funds to rebuild the mosque. Later, the mosque was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt in 1900 (the 26th year of the Guangxu reign) with more than 10 buildings constructed along the street to collect rent for the mosque's upkeep.



Six mosques in Yunnan in July.

Dali Xiaoweigeng Mosque: Built at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was destroyed in the first month of the 12th year of the Tongzhi reign (1873), rebuilt in 1908, expanded in 1976, and rebuilt again in 1990.



Dali Kelizhuang Mosque: Located in Xizhou Town, it was rebuilt in 1908, with a significant portion of the funding coming from overseas Chinese in Myanmar. Kelizhuang is a famous hometown for overseas Chinese. Historically, it had powerful horse caravans that traveled throughout Yunnan to Kunming, Simao, and Zhongdian, and connected south to cities in Myanmar like Mandalay, Mawlamyine, and Lashio. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era, hundreds of families from Kelizhuang have moved to Myanmar, and people from Kelizhuang have often served as the imam at the Chinese mosque in Yangon's Chinatown.



Dali Sanmei Mosque: The Sanmei Mosque on the Dengchuan Plain was built in 1908. The Hui Muslims here speak the Bai language and wear Bai ethnic clothing, and their architectural style is very similar to that of the Bai people, so outsiders call them the White Hui Muslims.



Dali Huihuideng Mosque: The front part of the main hall is a reinforced concrete structure built in 1993, while the back part is a wooden structure built in 1944, so it looks like a new mosque from the front and an old one from the back.



Dali Shenhe Village Mosque: The main hall was rebuilt in 1995, and the minaret was built in 1946.



Dalishi Pang Mosque: Built in 1896, with its minaret added in 1920, this is also a white-style mosque (baihuisi).



August, 1 mosque in Jiangsu.

Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque: Originally named Chengqingfang Mosque, it is also called Liuhe North Mosque and Dashi Mosque. It was built during the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty. Its architectural style mimics the Liuhe South Gate Mosque. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion and rebuilt during the Guangxu reign. In 1928, Lady Da (the aunt of Da Pusheng), the widow of wealthy merchant Wang Zuochen, donated funds to build the Wuxin Pavilion on the original site of the Wangyue Tower.



August, 2 mosques in Anhui.

Wuhu Mosque: Hui Muslims began settling in Wuhu no later than the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The earliest mosque was built in the early Qing Dynasty near Jixiang Mosque at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Qingyi River. It was burned down during the Taiping Rebellion. In 1864, migrants purchased land outside the North Gate at Beilangpu to rebuild it, and it was expanded again in 1902.



Hexian Mosque: The Great Mosque of Hezhou was first built in 1368 (the first year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty). According to the Records of Rebuilding the Confucian School in Hezhou, in 1525 (the fourth year of the Jiajing reign), the newly appointed Hezhou magistrate Yi Luan visited the Confucian Mosque and declared that the "licentious shrine" was indulging the Hui people too much, so he ordered the destruction of the Hezhou Mosque. It was not until 1637 (the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign) that the Hezhou Mosque was rebuilt, after the insurgent army of Ma Shouying, a Hui Muslim from Shaanxi, joined forces with other late Ming rebel groups to capture Hezhou. It was rebuilt into its current structure in 1837 (the seventeenth year of the Daoguang reign).



December, 1 mosque in Shanghai.

Songjiang Mosque: Originally named Zhenjiao Mosque, it was built during the Zhizheng years of the Yuan Dynasty, rebuilt in 1391, and later expanded and renovated many times.



In 2018, I visited 101 ancient mosques across 5 countries and 8 provinces. It was a very fulfilling year. In February, I went to Shanhaiguan. During the Spring Festival holiday, I visited the Cham community in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and then traveled to Delhi, India, to visit many historical sites from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire periods. During the Qingming holiday, I went to Xinjiang to search for the history of the Yarkent Khanate. During the May Day holiday, I went to Lhasa to visit the Tibetan Hui Muslim community. In June, I went to the UAE for Eid al-Fitr, and then I went to Tianjin to eat and explore. In July, I used my weekends to visit Nanjing and Suizhong in Liaoning to eat and explore. In September, I went to Taiyuan to do the same. At the end of September, I used my annual leave and the National Day holiday to visit Azerbaijan and Turkey, where I saw over a hundred old buildings. In November, I went to Kaifeng for sightseeing and food. See "101 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2018".

By 2019, I had mastered the skill of using holidays to visit ancient mosques abroad. I would first research a lot of information, pick the mosques worth seeing, and then use map websites to plan my route to visit as many as possible in the limited time. I visited a total of 64 ancient mosques across 7 countries and 2 provinces. See '64 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2019'.

At the start of 2020, I went to Urumqi for the Spring Festival holiday and visited the Shaanxi Old Quarter mosque. Later, I was almost locked down and unable to return to Beijing. I worked from home during the first half of the year. Once restrictions were lifted in early July, we spent a weekend visiting the Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque in Qinghai. In August, we took our honeymoon and visited 18 ancient mosques in Yunnan and Sichuan. During the National Day holiday, we traveled upstream along the Han River and visited 3 ancient mosques in southern Shaanxi. In total, I visited 23 ancient mosques across 5 provinces in 2020. See '23 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2020'.

In January 2021, mosques in Beijing were closed. In mid-March, travel restrictions were lifted, so I rushed to visit ancient mosques in Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Tianjin, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. By July, travel out of Beijing was restricted again. During the National Day holiday, there were no new cases nationwide, so we went on a road trip to Yunnan to visit ancient mosques. After the holiday, I could not leave Beijing again. In 2021, with less than half a year of actual freedom, I visited 47 ancient mosques across 11 provinces and cities. See '47 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2021'.

2022 was the most difficult year, as I was unable to leave Beijing for the entire year. That year, I visited some ruins of former ancient mosques in Beijing and some mosques I had never been to before, totaling 25 ancient mosques for the year. See "Visiting 25 Ancient Mosques in Beijing in 2022."

Travel restrictions within Beijing were lifted in early 2023, and international travel restrictions were lifted in May. This year saw an explosion of travel, covering 11 provinces and cities, 6 countries, and three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—for a total of 124 ancient mosques. See "Visiting 124 Ancient Mosques in 2023."

Life gradually returned to normal in 2024, and the number of ancient mosques I visited dropped due to work changes and spending time with my children. This year I went to 6 provinces and 3 countries, visiting 63 ancient mosques. I visited Malaysia three times, touring 24 ancient mosques, which covers almost all the ancient mosques in Malaysia. See "Visiting 63 Ancient Mosques in 2024." view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This first part of the 2018 mosque-visit record covers a wide route through historic mosques, local Muslim communities, and Islamic heritage sites. It preserves the original mosque names, photos, dates, and travel observations in clear English.

In 2018, I visited 101 ancient mosques across 5 countries and 8 provinces. It was a very fulfilling year. In February, I went to Shanhaiguan to see the winter sea and visit the ancient mosque there. During the Spring Festival holiday, I visited the Cham community in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Then I went to Delhi, India, to see many historical sites from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire periods. During the Qingming Festival holiday, I went to Yarkant (Shache) in Xinjiang to listen to Muqam music and look for the history of the Yarkand Khanate. During the May Day holiday, I went to Lhasa to visit the Tibetan Hui Muslim community. In June, I went to the UAE for Eid al-Fitr, and then I went to Tianjin to eat and explore. In July, I used my weekends to visit Nanjing and Suizhong in Liaoning to eat and explore. In September, I went to Taiyuan to do the same. At the end of September, I used my annual leave and the National Day holiday to visit Azerbaijan and Turkey, where I saw over a hundred old buildings. In November, I went to Kaifeng to eat and explore.

By 2019, I had mastered the skill of using holidays to visit ancient mosques abroad. I would first research a lot of information, pick the mosques worth seeing, and then use map websites to plan my route to visit as many as possible in the limited time. I visited a total of 64 ancient mosques across 7 countries and 2 provinces. See '64 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2019'.

At the start of 2020, I went to Urumqi for the Spring Festival holiday and visited the Shaanxi Old Quarter mosque. Later, I was almost locked down and unable to return to Beijing. I worked from home during the first half of the year. Once restrictions were lifted in early July, we spent a weekend visiting the Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque in Qinghai. In August, we took our honeymoon and visited 18 ancient mosques in Yunnan and Sichuan. During the National Day holiday, we traveled upstream along the Han River and visited 3 ancient mosques in southern Shaanxi. In total, I visited 23 ancient mosques across 5 provinces in 2020. See '23 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2020'.

In January 2021, mosques in Beijing were closed. In mid-March, travel restrictions were lifted, so I rushed to visit ancient mosques in Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Tianjin, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. By July, travel out of Beijing was restricted again. During the National Day holiday, there were no new cases nationwide, so we went on a road trip to Yunnan to visit ancient mosques. After the holiday, I could not leave Beijing again. In 2021, with less than half a year of actual freedom, I visited 47 ancient mosques across 11 provinces and cities. See '47 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2021'.

2022 was the most difficult year, as I was unable to leave Beijing for the entire year. That year, I visited some ruins of former ancient mosques in Beijing and some mosques I had never been to before, totaling 25 ancient mosques for the year. See "Visiting 25 Ancient Mosques in Beijing in 2022."

Travel restrictions within Beijing were lifted in early 2023, and international travel restrictions were lifted in May. This year saw an explosion of travel, covering 11 provinces and cities, 6 countries, and three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—for a total of 124 ancient mosques. See "Visiting 124 Ancient Mosques in 2023."

Life gradually returned to normal in 2024, and the number of ancient mosques I visited dropped due to work changes and spending time with my children. This year I went to 6 provinces and 3 countries, visiting 63 ancient mosques. I visited Malaysia three times, touring 24 ancient mosques, which covers almost all the ancient mosques in Malaysia. See "Visiting 63 Ancient Mosques in 2024."

February: 1 in Hebei.

Shanhaiguan Mosque: Located outside the west gate of Shanhaiguan city. According to the Kangxi-era "Shanhaiguan Gazetteer," in the first month of 1381 (the 14th year of the Hongwu reign), "General Xu Da sent 15,100 soldiers from the Yanshan Guard to build 32 passes, including Yongping and Jieling." According to the "Veritable Records of the Ming Emperor Taizu," in September of the same year, the "Beiping Shanhaiguan Guard Command" was established, marking the beginning of Shanhaiguan. People say the Shanhaiguan Mosque was built by Muslim officers and soldiers under Xu Da.



February: 24 in India.

Delhi Qutb Mosque: This is the first mosque in Delhi, started in 1193. After the Ghurid dynasty general Qutb occupied Delhi, many building components from Hindu and Jain temples were reused.



Delhi Jamaat Khana Mosque: Located at the heart of the Sufi holy site of Nizamuddin, it is likely the second mosque in Delhi after the Qutb Mosque, with an architectural style very close to the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.



Delhi Tohfe Wala Gumbad Mosque: In 1303, the Chagatai Khanate besieged the military fortress of Siri in Delhi for two months but could not break the city and eventually retreated. After this, Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate's Khalji dynasty began to focus on building up Siri, which included the Tohfe Wala Gumbad Mosque. This mosque is very different from other buildings constructed during the Alauddin period, but some of its wall structures have the characteristics of Khalji dynasty architecture.



Delhi Begampur Mosque: This is the most important mosque in the city of Jahanpanah in Delhi and the most representative mosque of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate that still exists today. It is said to have been designed by the Iranian architect Zahir al-Din al-Jayush. The building is very grand but relatively simple, with only a small amount of carving inside the main hall.



Delhi Feroz Shah Kotla Mosque: Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq of the Tughlaq dynasty built the fifth city of Delhi, Ferozabad, in 1354. The mosque is the main building in the fortress and has a typical Tughlaq dynasty style. Some scholars believe that the great emperor Timur prayed here in 1398 and later built a mosque of the same design in Samarkand.



Delhi Khirki Mosque: Another important mosque in the city of Jahanpanah, besides the Begampur Mosque. This building looks very different from the Begumpur mosque, but it is almost certainly one of the seven mosques built by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, the prime minister to Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, and was likely built in the 1370s.



Delhi Kali Mosque: This is also one of the seven mosques built by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq's prime minister, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, and it stands near the Sufi shrine of Nizamuddin. This mosque and the Khirki Mosque are very similar in design and construction date, and both were once abandoned. The difference is that this mosque returned to use in the early 20th century, with some changes made to its original design.



Delhi Kalan Mosque: This is the northernmost of the seven mosques built by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq's prime minister, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul. It is thought to have been built to honor a Sufi saint, and it has been in use ever since.



Delhi Bara Bumbad Mosque: Located inside Lodi Gardens, the inscriptions carved inside show it was built on November 30, 1494, by a man named Mughal Abdu Amjad. The mosque features very intricate carvings, which are a great example of the lime plaster and stone-cutting techniques used for decoration during the Lodi dynasty.



Delhi Madhi Mosque: Found in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park in Delhi, its exact construction date is unknown, but its design clearly shows the Lodi dynasty style. The main hall of this mosque is open-air and consists only of a qibla wall. There are many other mosques in Delhi made of just one wall, but this one is the largest.



Delhi Nili Mosque: Located between the city of Siri and the Hauz Khas reservoir area, this is a Lodi-era mosque that is still in use.



Delhi Rajon ki Baoli Mosque: Located in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, it features what is considered the most beautiful stepwell (baoli) in Delhi, said to have been built by Daulat Khan Khwaja Muhammad in 1506 during the reign of Sultan Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517).



Delhi Muhammad Wali Mosque: Situated right next to the northwest wall of the city of Siri, it features a typical Lodi dynasty style.



Delhi Jamali Kamali Mosque: Located in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, this is a tomb-mosque for two men, Jamali and Kamali. Jamali, whose full name was Jamali Kamboh, was a famous 16th-century Persian poet and Sufi saint in India who was highly regarded by the Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun.



Delhi Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque: Located inside the Old Fort (Purana Qila), which was the sixth city of Delhi. After Sher Shah Suri, the ruler of the Suri dynasty, defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and took Delhi in 1540, he used the Old Fort as his royal court and built this royal mosque in 1541.



Delhi Salimgarh Fort Mosque: Located north of the Red Fort, it was built in 1546 by Salim Shah Suri (reigned 1545-1554), the son of the Suri dynasty ruler Sher Shah Suri.



Delhi Isa Khan Mosque: Located within the Humayun's Tomb complex, this is a tomb-mosque for the Pashtun noble Isa Khan of the Suri dynasty.



Delhi Khairul Manazil Mosque: Located across from the Purana Qila fort, it was commissioned in 1561 by Maham Anga, the chief nurse to the Mughal Emperor Akbar and the actual power behind the throne from 1560 to 1562.



Delhi Afsarwala Mosque: Located southwest of Humayun's Tomb, it was built between 1566 and 1567 as a tomb-mosque for an official in the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.



Delhi Jama Mosque: Located in Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi), the seventh city of Delhi, it once served as the main Friday mosque for the Mughal Empire. The Jama Mosque was built between 1650 and 1656 by order of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658), who also built the Taj Mahal.



Fatehpuri Mosque in Delhi: Located in the northwest of Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad), directly facing the Red Fort, it was built in 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, the wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.



Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid) in Delhi: Located inside the Delhi Red Fort, it was built in 1659 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (reigned 1658-1707) to serve as a private mosque for the royal family.



Sunehri Mosque in Delhi: Located in the eastern part of Old Delhi's Shahjahanabad, it was built in 1751 by order of Qudsia Begum.



Safdarjung Mosque in Delhi: Located west of Lodi Gardens, this is the mosque attached to the tomb of Safdarjung. Safdarjung became the Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire in 1748 and was the actual ruler of the Mughal dynasty. The Safdarjung Tomb and its mosque are known as the last major architectural works of the Mughal dynasty and serve as a symbol of the dynasty's decline.



February: 1 mosque in Vietnam.

Saigon Central Mosque: Built by South Indian Tamils in 1935, it is the most important mosque in Saigon. After Vietnam was unified in 1975, the religious community in Saigon faced a huge shock, with many believers imprisoned or fleeing abroad. Religious life in Vietnam only slowly recovered after 1986. Today, besides the local Cham people, merchants and tourists from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Pakistan all come here.



April: 3 mosques in Xinjiang.

Yarkant Azna Mosque in Shache: Built during the reign of Abu Bakr in Yarkant (1465-1514), it has not been rebuilt by later generations and still preserves its original appearance, making it very precious. Its design is very similar to the 14th and 15th-century Bibi-Khanym Mosque of the Timurid Empire and the Begampur Mosque of the Delhi Sultanate, though it is smaller in scale.



Shache Jiaman Mosque: It is said to have been started by Sultan Said Khan, the founder of the Yarkant Khanate, and later expanded during the time of Abdullah Khan (reigned 1638–1669).



Shache Altun Mosque: Built in 1533 during the Yarkant Khanate period, its current appearance dates from renovations and expansions in 1735.



May: 2 mosques in Tibet.

Lhasa Kache Lingka Mosque: Among the two mosques currently at Kache Lingka, one is the only traditional Tibetan-style mosque in Lhasa today. A plaque on the door reads: 'This mosque was first built in 1775, has undergone four repairs over its long history, and completed its last repair in 2008.' The facade of the other mosque has been rebuilt in an Arab style, and a plaque at the entrance reads: 'This mosque was first built in 1655 AD, has undergone many repairs over its long history, and completed its last repair in 2000 AD.'





June: 1 mosque in Tianjin.

Northwest Corner South Mosque: It is one of the few remaining historical sites in the Northwest Corner and is currently the center of the local Hui Muslim community. It was built during the Guangxu reign and completed during the Xuantong reign.



June: 5 mosques in the UAE.

Dubai Nasser bin Obaid bin Lootah Mosque: Lootah is a famous merchant family in the UAE, and this family first came to Dubai from Liwa to settle in Al Ras. At that time, Al Ras had no residents and was just a place for grazing camels. Later, other members of this family also came to settle in Al Ras, including Obaid bin Lootah. In 1910, Obaid bin Lootah's son, Nasser, built this mosque.



Almulla Mosque in Dubai: It follows the traditional Gulf style and has no minaret or dome.



Obeid Bin Issa Mosque in Sharjah: This is the oldest mosque in Sharjah. It is a rammed-earth building from the 19th century, and there is a palm-frond shelter in front of the ablution area. The main prayer hall has wooden pillars. The mihrab is plain with no decorations, and the minbar pulpit next to it is also set inside a niche.



Al-Daleel Mosque in Sharjah: A historic mosque that also features a palm-frond shelter in front of the main hall. To make a traditional palm ceiling, palm fibers are first washed and dried, then twisted into twine and tied onto trimmed palm branches. Next, palm leaves are washed and dried, woven into large mats, and finally laid together to form the ceiling.



Al Jame'i Mosque in Sharjah: This is the Friday mosque of Sharjah's old town. Its low, flat-roofed style is very similar to traditional architecture in Turpan, as both were designed for hot and dry climates.



July, Jiangsu

Caoqiao Mosque in Nanjing: In 2003, Caoqiao Mosque and Taiping Road Mosque were demolished. The main hall and second hall components of Taiping Road Mosque were rebuilt at a new site, and the project was completed in 2005. Caoqiao Mosque was first built during the Qianlong reign, destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and rebuilt in the early years of the Tongzhi reign. Taiping Road Mosque was originally called Huapailou Mosque. Legend says it was built by Chang Yuchun in the early Ming Dynasty. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, later rebuilt, and reconstructed again in 1924 with donations from the brothers of Nanjing businessman Jiang Guobang.



Jingjue Mosque: First built in 1388 (the 21st year of the Hongwu reign), it was burned down in 1430 (the 5th year of the Xuande reign) and rebuilt after Zheng He petitioned for its restoration. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and its components were moved to the Prince's Mansion. It was rebuilt in 1877 (the 3rd year of the Guangxu reign) and renovated in 1879 (the 5th year of the Guangxu reign) to form its current layout.



July, Liaoning, 1 mosque

Suizhong Mosque: Starting in the 18th century, more than ten families of Hui Muslims, including the Zhang, Ding, Li, and Jin families, moved to Suizhong from Hebei Province. In 1737 (the 2nd year of the Qianlong reign), the first mosque was built below the Kueixing Tower in the southeast of Suizhong city. In 1797 (the 3rd year of the Jiaqing reign), it was moved to its current location inside the West Gate.



August, Beijing, 2 mosques

Dongsi Mosque: The most worth-seeing part of Dongsi Mosque is the main hall built in 1447. The rear hall looks like a Chinese-style beamless hall from the outside, but inside it actually contains three brick domes. This is another way Chinese mosques localized the dome in the 15th century, following the example of the Phoenix Mosque in Hangzhou, where the dome was converted into a wooden pavilion during the Yuan Dynasty.



Huashi Mosque: First built in 1414 (the 12th year of the Ming Wanli reign), it is said to have been the residence of Chang Yuchun. It was renovated in the 41st year of the Kangxi reign and again during the Qianlong reign.



September, Shanxi, 1 mosque

Taiyuan Mosque: Located inside the South Gate on Beef Alley (Niurou Xiang). The main prayer hall and the Shengxin Tower (call to prayer tower, or bangkelou) are Ming Dynasty structures. This matches the time when Taiyuan city took its final shape and Hui Muslims officially settled in the city.



14 sites in Azerbaijan in September

Baku Palace Mosque: Built between 1441 and 1442 by order of the Shirvanshah king, Khalilullah I. In 1723, the army of Tsar Peter I shelled Baku from the Caspian Sea, damaging the northeast facade. The minaret was hit by artillery fire in 1918. The main prayer hall is very small and is generally used only by people from the palace or the immediate neighborhood.



Muhammad Mosque: Built in 1078-1079, it is the oldest surviving religious building in Azerbaijan. According to the Kufic Arabic inscription on the north wall, the mosque was built by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Research shows the mosque was built on the site of a Zoroastrian fire mosque, and Muhammad was the mayor of Baku at the time.



Takyeh Mosque: A 13th-century Sufi mosque that served as a place for Sufi practitioners to study and rest.



Khidir Mosque: Built in 1301. Archaeological excavations in 1988 revealed that this mosque was built on the site of a Zoroastrian mosque.



Mirza Ahmad Mosque: Built in 1345. The wall at the entrance is carved with scripture and the architect's name. It is currently closed due to its dilapidated state.



Chin Mosque: Stone carvings at the top of the entrance show it was built between 1375 and 1376, with repairs made between 1772 and 1773.



Molla Ahmad Mosque: Built in the early 14th century by the famous architect Mahmud ibn Sad of the Shirvan-Absheron school. It is a typical example of a small community mosque from the Shirvanshah dynasty.



Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque: Built by Haji Amirshah ibn Yagub between 1415 and 1416. Baku was ruled at the time by the 33rd Shirvanshah king, Ibrahim I (reigned 1382-1417), which is why it is also called the Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque. In the 19th century, the mosque's facade was divided into three sections and windows were added.



Juma Mosque: The main mosque in Baku's Old City. Inscriptions on the mosque walls show that Amir Sharaf al-Din Mahmud renovated it in 1309. The current main prayer hall was funded by Baku merchant Haji Shikhlali Dadashov in 1899, blending traditional styles with European architecture.



Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque: Built in the early 17th century by Sayyid Yahya Murtuza himself. He was a famous local imam and was buried here after his passing. During the Soviet era, it became a carpenter's workshop. Religious activities resumed in the 1990s, and it is now affiliated with the Juma Mosque.



Haji Bani Mosque: Built in the 16th century by the architect Haji Bani. A women's prayer hall and windows were added during renovations in 1902-1903.



Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque: Located north of the Maiden Tower and thought to date back to the 9th or 10th century. Archaeologist Farhad Ibrahimov excavated the site between 1990 and 1993, and the mihrab niche was unearthed in 1998.



Haji Heybat Mosque: Built in 1791 by the architect Haji Heybat Amir Ali oghlu. It is a small community mosque.



Məktəb Mosque: Built between 1646 and 1647, it sits right next to the Maiden Tower.



38 mosques in Turkey in October.

Konya Iplikci Mosque: Ordered in 1201 by the Seljuk vizier Shams al-Din Altun Aba, it was built by the architect Abu al-Fazi Abd al-Jabbar from Tabriz, Iran. This is key evidence of Persian craftsmen directly influencing Seljuk architecture. This building went through a series of renovations during the Karamanid dynasty, the Ottoman Empire, and modern times. Today, the original mosaic tiles on the mihrab inside the hall have been replaced by marble, but the parts at the bottom covered by carpets are still original pieces from the Seljuk period.



Konya Alaeddin Mosque: It was rebuilt on top of a Christian church shortly after the Seljuks occupied Konya in the late 11th century, and many of its components were taken directly from nearby Byzantine buildings. The earliest surviving inscription dates back to the reign of the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Mesud I (reigned 1116–1156). The mosque's ebony minbar has an inscription from 1155, and the tiles on the mosque's mihrab and dome should have been built in the same period.



Konya Sahib Ata Mosque: Built by Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, the architect was Keluk bin Abdullah. Sahib Ata was a key official in the court of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum from the 1250s until his death in 1288, and he even held great power in the sultanate after 1277.



Bursa Orhan Mosque: This was the first mosque in Bursa. It was built in 1339 by the second Ottoman ruler, Orhan (reigned 1324-1362). It was burned by the Karamanid dynasty in 1413, rebuilt by Sultan Mehmed I (reigned 1379-1421) in 1417, and repaired again after being damaged by an earthquake in 1855.



Bursa Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami): This is the largest mosque in Bursa and the largest of the multi-domed Ottoman mosques. This mosque consists of 20 domes and two minarets and is known as a masterpiece of early Ottoman architecture. It was built between 1396 and 1399 by the fourth Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid I (reigned 1389-1402), to celebrate the famous Battle of Nicopolis. The architect is said to be Ali Neccar.



Bursa Hüdavendigar Mosque: Also called the Murad I Mosque, it was built by Sultan Murad I between 1363 and 1366. It is a classic early Ottoman T-shaped mosque. Its biggest feature is that the madrasa is located on the floor above the prayer hall. Because many Byzantine craftsmen participated in its construction, the mosque features Byzantine-style brickwork and column capitals. At the same time, this is the only Ottoman mosque with two porches.



Bursa Lightning Mosque (Yıldırım Bayezid Mosque): Also called the Lightning Bayezid Mosque, it was ordered by Sultan Bayezid I between 1390 and 1395. It underwent major repairs after the 1855 earthquake. It is the only early Ottoman mosque in Bursa built entirely of stone, without using any bricks. the Lightning Mosque is the first mosque to feature a Bursa arch structure. This flat arch is located between the main hall and the gate, supporting two large domes.



Bursa Green Mosque (Yeşil Cami): Also called the Mehmed I Mosque, it was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1414 and 1419. It is a masterpiece by the famous early 15th-century Ottoman architect İvaz Pasha. The stone carvings on the gate are considered the pinnacle of early Ottoman architecture. Due to the death of Mehmed I, the narthex of the mosque was never finished.



Bursa Muradiye Mosque: Also called the Murad II Mosque, it was built by Sultan Murad II between 1425 and 1426. The mosque is an early Ottoman T-shaped mosque. The main hall has two domes, and each wing has a small dome. The interior of the mosque is decorated with blue-green and dark blue hexagonal tiles.



Edirne Old Mosque (Eski Cami): In 1413, Prince Mehmed was crowned Sultan Mehmed I in Edirne, and he officially completed the construction of this mosque the following year. This mosque is the oldest one still standing in Edirne, so it is called the Old Mosque (Eski Cami). The Old Mosque is one of the last multi-domed mosques to use the early Ottoman Seljuk style, featuring nine central domes in total. Compared to earlier Seljuk multi-domed mosques, the domes here have a noticeably larger diameter, showing that the Ottomans were starting to move past their early phase.



Edirne Muradiye Mosque: This is a small T-shaped mosque on a hill north of Edirne, built in 1436 by order of the sixth Ottoman Sultan, Murad II (reigned 1421-1444). This site was originally part of a Sufi Mevlevi complex before it was converted into a mosque.



Edirne Three-Balcony Mosque (Üç Şerefeli Camii): This is known as a major landmark that started a new era in Ottoman architecture, being the first Ottoman mosque with a central dome and the first to feature a courtyard. The mosque was started in 1438 by the sixth Ottoman Sultan, Murad II (reigned 1421-1444), and finished in 1447.



Edirne Kasım Paşa Mosque: This was built in 1479 by order of Kasım Paşa. Kasım Paşa was a famous Ottoman general who served as the commander of Rumelia, the European part of the Ottoman Empire. The mosque closed after 1950 due to the construction of a dam, and it has been damaged by floods ever since, making it the most wild and untamed early Ottoman mosque in Edirne.



Edirne Sultan Bayezid II Mosque: Located on the north bank of the Tunca River (Sadun River) in the northwest suburbs of Edirne, it was built by order of the eighth Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid II (reigned 1481-1512).



Istanbul Atik Ali Pasha Mosque: Built in 1496 by Atik Ali Pasha, the Grand Vizier to Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II, it is located south of the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul.



Istanbul Selim I Mosque: Built in 1520 by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to honor his father, Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512-1520), and completed in 1527, it is the third imperial mosque built by the Ottoman dynasty in Istanbul.



Istanbul Mihrimah Sultan Mosque: Built between 1543 and 1548, it is one of the most famous landmarks in the Üsküdar district and the second complex by Mimar Sinan still standing in Istanbul. It is the first semi-domed mosque designed by Mimar Sinan.



Istanbul Prince Mosque (Şehzade Mosque): Located on the third hill of Istanbul's old city and built between 1543 and 1548, it is considered Mimar Sinan's most important early work and his first masterpiece. It is the second semi-domed mosque designed by Mimar Sinan, consisting of one main dome and four semi-domes. This was both an improvement on Sinan's previous work, the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque with its three semi-domes, and a new interpretation of earlier designs like the Fatih Mosque (1471) and the Bayezid II Mosque (1506). This design separates the four pillars supporting the central dome, creating a more stunning visual effect.



Istanbul Hadım Ibrahim Pasha Mosque: Built in 1551, it was commissioned by the Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, known as the Eunuch (Hadım), and built by Mimar Sinan. It belongs to the first phase of Mimar Sinan's single-dome mosque designs. In this phase, Sinan used eight buttresses to support the main dome, a design that also foreshadowed his next phase of octagonal dome structures.



Istanbul Sinan Pasha Mosque: Completed in 1555 and commissioned by Sinan Pasha, it is Mimar Sinan's reinterpretation of the famous Three-Balcony Mosque (Üç Şerefeli Camii) in Edirne, and is therefore known as the smaller version of the Three-Balcony Mosque.



Istanbul Süleymaniye Mosque: Commissioned by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and built by Mimar Sinan, it sits on the third hill of Istanbul and is a key part of the old city's skyline. Construction took seven years from 1550 to 1557, though it was not officially finished until 1558. This is the largest square-based, semi-domed mosque in the career of architect Mimar Sinan, with a main dome 53 meters high, which was the tallest in the Ottoman Empire at the time.



Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his wife İsmihan Sultan, it was built by Mimar Sinan between 1567 and 1572 and is famous for its beautiful Iznik tiles inside.



Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Istanbul: Built by Mimar Sinan between 1563 and 1570, commissioned by Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. The complex sits on the sixth hill inside the northwest walls of Istanbul, which is the highest point of the old city. The structure of the mosque is considered the most advanced type of single-dome mosque from that period. The 35-meter-high dome is supported by four piers, with four arches and four pendentives forming a tower-like structure. Four polygonal piers protrude on the outside but are almost invisible from the inside, creating a shape like a neatly cut crystal.



Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Kara Ahmed Pasha and built by Mimar Sinan, it was finally completed in 1572. It is the last imperial building in Istanbul to use dry cord (cuerda seca) tiles for decoration.



Mimar Sinan Mosque in Istanbul: Built by Mimar Sinan for himself in 1573, it was destroyed by fire in 1918, and soon after the walls collapsed, leaving only a 10-meter-high minaret.



Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned in 1578 by Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (in office 1565-1579) and built by Mimar Sinan, Sinan continued the octagonal support system he used in his masterpiece, the Selimiye Mosque, and added a small dome at each corner. Additionally, the front porch of the mosque is completely enclosed and connected to the main hall, which is very unique among Sinan's works.



Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Ottoman Admiral Kılıç Ali Pasha and built by Mimar Sinan between 1578 and 1580. The mosque has a central area surrounded by galleries on three sides, with the center and side areas separated, which is very similar to the structure of the Hagia Sophia and different from other classic Ottoman mosque architecture of the same period.



Şemsi Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Built in 1581 by Mimar Sinan for the Ottoman Grand Vizier (Vezir-i Azam) Şemsi Pasha, it is the smallest complex Sinan ever built and is a famous example in Istanbul of how human architecture can blend perfectly with the natural landscape. view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This 2017 mosque-visit record follows 27 historic mosques and Muslim heritage sites across different places. The English version keeps the original route, mosque names, photos, and local details while making the long record easier to read.

In 2017, I continued visiting Hui Muslim communities along the Grand Canal and started visiting those along the Yangtze River. That year, I traveled to Cangzhou in Hebei, Linqing, Liaocheng, Xuzhou, Huai'an, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, and Jiaxing and Hangzhou in Zhejiang along the Grand Canal. Along the Yangtze, I visited Shanghai, Nanjing in Jiangsu, Wuhu, Hexian, and Anqing in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi, and Wuhan and Jingzhou in Hubei. I recorded the scenes of these Hui Muslim communities and visited some of their ancient mosques and historical sites. Some of these communities, like those in Wuhan and Jingzhou, have since been demolished, making these records a piece of history. In the summer, I also went to Dali to visit some ancient mosques in Weishan and Eryuan. I actually visited many ancient mosques in 2017, but some were revisited later and included in previous articles, so they were not counted here. This article includes 27 of them.

January: 3 mosques in Jiangsu.

Yangzhou Puhading Tomb Mosque: Puhading is said to be a 16th-generation descendant of the Prophet. He came to Yangzhou during the Southern Song dynasty (1265-1274) and passed away in 1275 during the Yuan dynasty. He was buried on a high ridge east of the Dongguan River in the new city, a place later called Huihui Tang (commonly known as Baba Yao). The main prayer hall of the mosque is next to the gate of the Puhading tomb complex. Stone carvings inside the gate record that in 1845, people of various surnames donated funds to build a stone embankment and renovate the hall.



Zhenjiang Xinhe Street Mosque: Built in 1930, it was originally a private residence purchased with donations from Hui Muslims in both Shanghai and Zhenjiang. It is a traditional Jiangnan-style house with three courtyards and two side wings. In 1926, Fa Jiesan, who moved from Zhenjiang to Shanghai, discussed theology with Imam Ha Cheng of the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque. After accepting the teachings of the Ikhwan sect, he returned to Zhenjiang and began practicing his faith at home according to Ikhwan rituals. Later, funds were raised in Shanghai and Zhenjiang to build an Ikhwan-style mosque on Xinhe Street. In 1958, the Xinhe Street Mosque merged with the Dashan Lane Mosque. It later became a dormitory for a forestry machinery factory and has been abandoned ever since.



Zhenjiang Gurun Mosque: First built in the Yuan dynasty, it was destroyed at the end of the Yuan and beginning of the Ming dynasty. It was rebuilt during the Hongwu reign of the Ming dynasty and moved to Jianzi Lane in the city in 1602. It was occupied after 1958, destroyed in the 1970s and 1980s, and completely demolished in 2005 before being rebuilt at its current location. The site preserves a stone tablet from the Ming dynasty renovation, an ancient well railing, three Qing dynasty renovation tablets, and the mihrab from the original mosque outside the south gate of Zhenjiang.



February: 2 mosques in Zhejiang.

Jiaxing Mosque: First built in 1602, it was renovated in 1747 when a lecture hall was added to the east side of the main hall. The gate was rebuilt in 1774. After the Taiping Rebellion, it fell into ruin until it was reused by Hui Muslims who moved there from Henan after the Republic of China was established.



Hangzhou Phoenix Mosque: Originally named Zhenjiao Mosque, it was destroyed at the end of the Southern Song dynasty and rebuilt in the early Yuan dynasty. When Zhongshan Road was widened in 1929, the gate and the Moon-Watching Tower (Wangyue Lou) were demolished. The main hall was torn down in 1953. Today, only the kiln-style hall (yaodian) remains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties.



March: 3 mosques in Jiangsu.

Huai'an Hexia Mosque: Located in the ancient town of Hexia, it was built between the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Ten of its rooms were burned down by the Nian Army in the late Qing dynasty, but it was later repaired.



Huai'an Qingjiang Mosque: First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty, it was renovated and expanded twice during the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns. It was destroyed by the Nian Army in 1860 and rebuilt in 1870.



Huai'an Wangjiaying Mosque: Located on the north bank of the old Yellow River course, it was built during the Yongzheng reign. It was destroyed in the war with the Nian Army in 1860 and rebuilt in 1867. It was damaged in 1966, with the main hall used as a warehouse for a shoe and hat factory, and was rebuilt in 1979. The old imam of the Wangying Mosque, Chang Tingzhang, studied at a daotang in Lingwu County (Lingzhou), Ningxia, during the Qianlong reign. Subsequent imams also went to Ningxia to study, making it a mosque of the Jahriyya (Zhe) sect.



March: 2 mosques in Hebei.

Cangzhou North Mosque: The area near the south gate of Cangzhou was a key path to the Grand Canal. Most Hui Muslims, who were mostly craftspeople and small traders, chose to live here. In 1420 (the 18th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty), the Cangzhou North Mosque was officially built in the south of the city, with land donated and construction led by Wu Yongzuo.



Cangzhou Botou Mosque: In 1404 (the second year of the Yongle reign), the Ming Emperor Chengzu, Zhu Di, ordered residents to move to Cangzhou. Many Hui Muslims arrived in Botou because of this. Records show that Hui Muslims with the seven surnames of Yang, Cao, Dai, Hui, Zhang, Wang, and Shi all moved to Botou in 1404 by imperial decree from Erlanggang, Shangyuan County, Yingtian Prefecture, Nanjing. Research shows that Erlanggang was a camp for Semu people who surrendered to the Ming from the Yuan Dynasty. The Botou Mosque was officially completed that year. The Botou Mosque underwent large-scale expansion during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, reaching its current form.



April, 1 mosque in Hubei

Wuhan Qiyi Street Mosque: The first mosque in Wuchang with a recorded history is the Qingjing Mosque, built in the early Ming Dynasty. Because it was located at the east gate of the Huguang Governor's Office inside the Wangshan Gate in the south of Wuchang city, it was later called the Yuanmenkou Mosque. It was also commonly known as the Shanqian Mosque because it sat south of Snake Hill. According to the Kangxi edition of the Wuchang Prefecture Gazetteer of Huguang, the Yuanmenkou Mosque once held the famous 'Imperial Praise of the Prophet in One Hundred Words' stone tablet by the Ming Emperor Taizu. The courtyard of the current Qiyi Street Mosque holds three 'One Hundred Word Praise' tablets. Besides one carved in the Qing Dynasty, the other two broken tablets are very likely the originals from the Yuanmenkou Mosque.



May, 1 mosque in Jiangxi

Jiujiang Mosque: In 1450 (the first year of the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty), Hui Muslim general Ma Hazhi was transferred to be the commander-in-chief of Jiujiang. He led three imams and over 1,500 Hui Muslim officers and soldiers, along with their families, to station in Jiujiang. They built the first Jiujiang Mosque next to the military camp at Jiwan outside the West Gate. During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the political situation was unstable, so many Hui Muslims left Jiujiang and the mosque was destroyed. It is said the mosque was rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty, and two imperial tablets were carved during the Qianlong reign, but they were later destroyed in war. In 1821 (the first year of the Daoguang reign), Hui Muslim generals Tao Kuichen and Zhao Zhenqing from Shouzhou, Anhui, were transferred to be the garrison commander and city defense battalion leader in Jiujiang. They brought 500 Hui Muslim Flying Tiger Battalion soldiers and their families to station in Jiujiang. After that, many Hui Muslims from Anhui and Henan came to Jiujiang to do business and settle down. In 1850 (the 30th year of the Daoguang reign), Qian Baochang, an antique dealer from Huaining, Anhui, took the lead in donating timber to build two rooms and renovate the Jiujiang Mosque. In 1898 (the 24th year of the Guangxu reign), Hui Muslim general Zhu Tianqing from Shouzhou, Anhui, who served as the Jiujiang garrison commander, and Jiujiang commander-in-chief Tao Zhan led an expansion of the Jiujiang Mosque. The boundary stone set during this renovation remains today.



June, 2 mosques in Anhui

Anqing Nanguan Mosque: In 1469 (the fifth year of the Chenghua reign), the hereditary Cavalry General Ma Yi built the Anqing Nanguan Mosque on Zhongxiao Street inside the Zhenhai Gate (South Gate) of Anqing. The main gate faced the city wall, and he also built the Ma Family Muslim Dunyue Hall as a residence next to the mosque. In 1643 (the 16th year of the Chongzhen reign), the late Ming warlord Zuo Liangyu led his troops through Anqing, and the Nanguan Mosque was damaged. It was renovated during the Kangxi reign. In 1853 (the third year of the Xianfeng reign), the Nanguan Mosque was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion. In 1876 (the second year of the Guangxu reign), the main hall was built in the style of the Wanshou Palace and Fengzhi Guild Hall with a round ridge, and the reconstruction was finally completed in 1897 (the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign).



Anqing Xiguan Mosque: During the Qianlong reign, the number of Hui Muslims outside the West Gate of Anqing grew, but the prayer times did not match the city gate opening and closing times, making it very inconvenient to go to the Nanguan Mosque. Therefore, Ma Tianrong, a 12th-generation descendant of the Ma family of the Dunyue Hall in Huaining, donated two public houses outside the South Gate to build a new mosque at Gou'erkou outside the West Gate. In 1877 (the 13th year of the Guangxu reign), the Xiguan Mosque moved to the street behind Gou'er Mountain outside the West Gate. In 1995, Xiguan Mosque was renovated and expanded into a kindergarten for ethnic minorities, and today only the main gate remains.



Three mosques in Shanghai in June.

Shanghai Fuyou Road Mosque: It was first called Chuanxin Street Prayer Hall, later renamed Chuanxin Street Mosque, and is commonly known as the North Mosque. In 1863 (the second year of the Tongzhi reign), Hui Muslims from Nanjing living near the Old North Gate of Shanghai rented two single-story houses on Xiaopi Lane as a temporary place for namaz. In 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign), 31 community elders including Ma Hanzhang, Ha Qingtang, and Jin Lanpo raised funds under the name Wubentang to rebuild it into a main prayer hall on Chuanxin Street. In 1897 (the 23rd year of the Guangxu reign), 22 elders including Ha Shaofu and Jiang Xingjie raised money to buy land and expand the mosque by two halls, completing the work in 1900 (the 26th year of the Guangxu reign). In 1905 (the 31st year of the Guangxu reign), 31 elders including Ha Shaofu, Jiang Xingjie, Sha Yunjun, Jin Dongxu, and Yang Zhuping raised funds again to buy land and expand the mosque to three halls. In 1935, the famous Hui Muslim merchant Ha Shaofu initiated the conversion of the street-facing stone-gate (shikumen) residence into a three-story reinforced concrete building, with a moon-viewing pavilion built on the rooftop terrace.



Shanghai Xiaotaoyuan Mosque: Formerly known as the West City Mosque, it is commonly known as the West Mosque. In 1917, the famous Hui Muslim merchant Jin Ziyun bought a garden residence on Xiaotaoyuan Street in Xicang and donated the land to build the mosque. In 1925, Jin Ziyun initiated another fundraising campaign, including donations from places like Hong Kong, to rebuild the mosque into its current form.



Shanghai Zhejiang Road Mosque: Formerly known as the Concession Mosque, it is commonly known as the Foreign Mosque. In 1855 (the fifth year of the Xianfeng reign), an Indian named Dosti, who worked as a chef at the Indian Bapali Trading Company in Shanghai, bought land to serve as a cemetery for foreign nationals and built a prayer hall. In 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign), the Bapali Trading Company funded the construction of an official Concession Mosque and appointed an Indian named Wuliamu Ali as the first imam. At that time, many Hui Muslim fur and cotton merchants from Henan and Hubei provinces had shops around the Concession Mosque and visited it frequently. In 1880 (the sixth year of the Guangxu reign), Wuliamu Ali traveled to Henan, Hubei, and other places to raise funds to rebuild the mosque. Later, the mosque was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt in 1900 (the 26th year of the Guangxu reign) with more than 10 buildings constructed along the street to collect rent for the mosque's upkeep.



Six mosques in Yunnan in July.

Dali Xiaoweigeng Mosque: Built at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was destroyed in the first month of the 12th year of the Tongzhi reign (1873), rebuilt in 1908, expanded in 1976, and rebuilt again in 1990.



Dali Kelizhuang Mosque: Located in Xizhou Town, it was rebuilt in 1908, with a significant portion of the funding coming from overseas Chinese in Myanmar. Kelizhuang is a famous hometown for overseas Chinese. Historically, it had powerful horse caravans that traveled throughout Yunnan to Kunming, Simao, and Zhongdian, and connected south to cities in Myanmar like Mandalay, Mawlamyine, and Lashio. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era, hundreds of families from Kelizhuang have moved to Myanmar, and people from Kelizhuang have often served as the imam at the Chinese mosque in Yangon's Chinatown.



Dali Sanmei Mosque: The Sanmei Mosque on the Dengchuan Plain was built in 1908. The Hui Muslims here speak the Bai language and wear Bai ethnic clothing, and their architectural style is very similar to that of the Bai people, so outsiders call them the White Hui Muslims.



Dali Huihuideng Mosque: The front part of the main hall is a reinforced concrete structure built in 1993, while the back part is a wooden structure built in 1944, so it looks like a new mosque from the front and an old one from the back.



Dali Shenhe Village Mosque: The main hall was rebuilt in 1995, and the minaret was built in 1946.



Dalishi Pang Mosque: Built in 1896, with its minaret added in 1920, this is also a white-style mosque (baihuisi).



August, 1 mosque in Jiangsu.

Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque: Originally named Chengqingfang Mosque, it is also called Liuhe North Mosque and Dashi Mosque. It was built during the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty. Its architectural style mimics the Liuhe South Gate Mosque. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion and rebuilt during the Guangxu reign. In 1928, Lady Da (the aunt of Da Pusheng), the widow of wealthy merchant Wang Zuochen, donated funds to build the Wuxin Pavilion on the original site of the Wangyue Tower.



August, 2 mosques in Anhui.

Wuhu Mosque: Hui Muslims began settling in Wuhu no later than the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The earliest mosque was built in the early Qing Dynasty near Jixiang Mosque at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Qingyi River. It was burned down during the Taiping Rebellion. In 1864, migrants purchased land outside the North Gate at Beilangpu to rebuild it, and it was expanded again in 1902.



Hexian Mosque: The Great Mosque of Hezhou was first built in 1368 (the first year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty). According to the Records of Rebuilding the Confucian School in Hezhou, in 1525 (the fourth year of the Jiajing reign), the newly appointed Hezhou magistrate Yi Luan visited the Confucian Mosque and declared that the "licentious shrine" was indulging the Hui people too much, so he ordered the destruction of the Hezhou Mosque. It was not until 1637 (the tenth year of the Chongzhen reign) that the Hezhou Mosque was rebuilt, after the insurgent army of Ma Shouying, a Hui Muslim from Shaanxi, joined forces with other late Ming rebel groups to capture Hezhou. It was rebuilt into its current structure in 1837 (the seventeenth year of the Daoguang reign).



December, 1 mosque in Shanghai.

Songjiang Mosque: Originally named Zhenjiao Mosque, it was built during the Zhizheng years of the Yuan Dynasty, rebuilt in 1391, and later expanded and renovated many times.



In 2018, I visited 101 ancient mosques across 5 countries and 8 provinces. It was a very fulfilling year. In February, I went to Shanhaiguan. During the Spring Festival holiday, I visited the Cham community in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and then traveled to Delhi, India, to visit many historical sites from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire periods. During the Qingming holiday, I went to Xinjiang to search for the history of the Yarkent Khanate. During the May Day holiday, I went to Lhasa to visit the Tibetan Hui Muslim community. In June, I went to the UAE for Eid al-Fitr, and then I went to Tianjin to eat and explore. In July, I used my weekends to visit Nanjing and Suizhong in Liaoning to eat and explore. In September, I went to Taiyuan to do the same. At the end of September, I used my annual leave and the National Day holiday to visit Azerbaijan and Turkey, where I saw over a hundred old buildings. In November, I went to Kaifeng for sightseeing and food. See "101 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2018".

By 2019, I had mastered the skill of using holidays to visit ancient mosques abroad. I would first research a lot of information, pick the mosques worth seeing, and then use map websites to plan my route to visit as many as possible in the limited time. I visited a total of 64 ancient mosques across 7 countries and 2 provinces. See '64 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2019'.

At the start of 2020, I went to Urumqi for the Spring Festival holiday and visited the Shaanxi Old Quarter mosque. Later, I was almost locked down and unable to return to Beijing. I worked from home during the first half of the year. Once restrictions were lifted in early July, we spent a weekend visiting the Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque in Qinghai. In August, we took our honeymoon and visited 18 ancient mosques in Yunnan and Sichuan. During the National Day holiday, we traveled upstream along the Han River and visited 3 ancient mosques in southern Shaanxi. In total, I visited 23 ancient mosques across 5 provinces in 2020. See '23 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2020'.

In January 2021, mosques in Beijing were closed. In mid-March, travel restrictions were lifted, so I rushed to visit ancient mosques in Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Tianjin, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. By July, travel out of Beijing was restricted again. During the National Day holiday, there were no new cases nationwide, so we went on a road trip to Yunnan to visit ancient mosques. After the holiday, I could not leave Beijing again. In 2021, with less than half a year of actual freedom, I visited 47 ancient mosques across 11 provinces and cities. See '47 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2021'.

2022 was the most difficult year, as I was unable to leave Beijing for the entire year. That year, I visited some ruins of former ancient mosques in Beijing and some mosques I had never been to before, totaling 25 ancient mosques for the year. See "Visiting 25 Ancient Mosques in Beijing in 2022."

Travel restrictions within Beijing were lifted in early 2023, and international travel restrictions were lifted in May. This year saw an explosion of travel, covering 11 provinces and cities, 6 countries, and three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—for a total of 124 ancient mosques. See "Visiting 124 Ancient Mosques in 2023."

Life gradually returned to normal in 2024, and the number of ancient mosques I visited dropped due to work changes and spending time with my children. This year I went to 6 provinces and 3 countries, visiting 63 ancient mosques. I visited Malaysia three times, touring 24 ancient mosques, which covers almost all the ancient mosques in Malaysia. See "Visiting 63 Ancient Mosques in 2024." view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This first part of the 2018 mosque-visit record covers a wide route through historic mosques, local Muslim communities, and Islamic heritage sites. It preserves the original mosque names, photos, dates, and travel observations in clear English.

In 2018, I visited 101 ancient mosques across 5 countries and 8 provinces. It was a very fulfilling year. In February, I went to Shanhaiguan to see the winter sea and visit the ancient mosque there. During the Spring Festival holiday, I visited the Cham community in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Then I went to Delhi, India, to see many historical sites from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire periods. During the Qingming Festival holiday, I went to Yarkant (Shache) in Xinjiang to listen to Muqam music and look for the history of the Yarkand Khanate. During the May Day holiday, I went to Lhasa to visit the Tibetan Hui Muslim community. In June, I went to the UAE for Eid al-Fitr, and then I went to Tianjin to eat and explore. In July, I used my weekends to visit Nanjing and Suizhong in Liaoning to eat and explore. In September, I went to Taiyuan to do the same. At the end of September, I used my annual leave and the National Day holiday to visit Azerbaijan and Turkey, where I saw over a hundred old buildings. In November, I went to Kaifeng to eat and explore.

By 2019, I had mastered the skill of using holidays to visit ancient mosques abroad. I would first research a lot of information, pick the mosques worth seeing, and then use map websites to plan my route to visit as many as possible in the limited time. I visited a total of 64 ancient mosques across 7 countries and 2 provinces. See '64 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2019'.

At the start of 2020, I went to Urumqi for the Spring Festival holiday and visited the Shaanxi Old Quarter mosque. Later, I was almost locked down and unable to return to Beijing. I worked from home during the first half of the year. Once restrictions were lifted in early July, we spent a weekend visiting the Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque in Qinghai. In August, we took our honeymoon and visited 18 ancient mosques in Yunnan and Sichuan. During the National Day holiday, we traveled upstream along the Han River and visited 3 ancient mosques in southern Shaanxi. In total, I visited 23 ancient mosques across 5 provinces in 2020. See '23 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2020'.

In January 2021, mosques in Beijing were closed. In mid-March, travel restrictions were lifted, so I rushed to visit ancient mosques in Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Tianjin, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. By July, travel out of Beijing was restricted again. During the National Day holiday, there were no new cases nationwide, so we went on a road trip to Yunnan to visit ancient mosques. After the holiday, I could not leave Beijing again. In 2021, with less than half a year of actual freedom, I visited 47 ancient mosques across 11 provinces and cities. See '47 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2021'.

2022 was the most difficult year, as I was unable to leave Beijing for the entire year. That year, I visited some ruins of former ancient mosques in Beijing and some mosques I had never been to before, totaling 25 ancient mosques for the year. See "Visiting 25 Ancient Mosques in Beijing in 2022."

Travel restrictions within Beijing were lifted in early 2023, and international travel restrictions were lifted in May. This year saw an explosion of travel, covering 11 provinces and cities, 6 countries, and three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—for a total of 124 ancient mosques. See "Visiting 124 Ancient Mosques in 2023."

Life gradually returned to normal in 2024, and the number of ancient mosques I visited dropped due to work changes and spending time with my children. This year I went to 6 provinces and 3 countries, visiting 63 ancient mosques. I visited Malaysia three times, touring 24 ancient mosques, which covers almost all the ancient mosques in Malaysia. See "Visiting 63 Ancient Mosques in 2024."

February: 1 in Hebei.

Shanhaiguan Mosque: Located outside the west gate of Shanhaiguan city. According to the Kangxi-era "Shanhaiguan Gazetteer," in the first month of 1381 (the 14th year of the Hongwu reign), "General Xu Da sent 15,100 soldiers from the Yanshan Guard to build 32 passes, including Yongping and Jieling." According to the "Veritable Records of the Ming Emperor Taizu," in September of the same year, the "Beiping Shanhaiguan Guard Command" was established, marking the beginning of Shanhaiguan. People say the Shanhaiguan Mosque was built by Muslim officers and soldiers under Xu Da.



February: 24 in India.

Delhi Qutb Mosque: This is the first mosque in Delhi, started in 1193. After the Ghurid dynasty general Qutb occupied Delhi, many building components from Hindu and Jain temples were reused.



Delhi Jamaat Khana Mosque: Located at the heart of the Sufi holy site of Nizamuddin, it is likely the second mosque in Delhi after the Qutb Mosque, with an architectural style very close to the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.



Delhi Tohfe Wala Gumbad Mosque: In 1303, the Chagatai Khanate besieged the military fortress of Siri in Delhi for two months but could not break the city and eventually retreated. After this, Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate's Khalji dynasty began to focus on building up Siri, which included the Tohfe Wala Gumbad Mosque. This mosque is very different from other buildings constructed during the Alauddin period, but some of its wall structures have the characteristics of Khalji dynasty architecture.



Delhi Begampur Mosque: This is the most important mosque in the city of Jahanpanah in Delhi and the most representative mosque of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate that still exists today. It is said to have been designed by the Iranian architect Zahir al-Din al-Jayush. The building is very grand but relatively simple, with only a small amount of carving inside the main hall.



Delhi Feroz Shah Kotla Mosque: Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq of the Tughlaq dynasty built the fifth city of Delhi, Ferozabad, in 1354. The mosque is the main building in the fortress and has a typical Tughlaq dynasty style. Some scholars believe that the great emperor Timur prayed here in 1398 and later built a mosque of the same design in Samarkand.



Delhi Khirki Mosque: Another important mosque in the city of Jahanpanah, besides the Begampur Mosque. This building looks very different from the Begumpur mosque, but it is almost certainly one of the seven mosques built by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, the prime minister to Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, and was likely built in the 1370s.



Delhi Kali Mosque: This is also one of the seven mosques built by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq's prime minister, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, and it stands near the Sufi shrine of Nizamuddin. This mosque and the Khirki Mosque are very similar in design and construction date, and both were once abandoned. The difference is that this mosque returned to use in the early 20th century, with some changes made to its original design.



Delhi Kalan Mosque: This is the northernmost of the seven mosques built by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq's prime minister, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul. It is thought to have been built to honor a Sufi saint, and it has been in use ever since.



Delhi Bara Bumbad Mosque: Located inside Lodi Gardens, the inscriptions carved inside show it was built on November 30, 1494, by a man named Mughal Abdu Amjad. The mosque features very intricate carvings, which are a great example of the lime plaster and stone-cutting techniques used for decoration during the Lodi dynasty.



Delhi Madhi Mosque: Found in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park in Delhi, its exact construction date is unknown, but its design clearly shows the Lodi dynasty style. The main hall of this mosque is open-air and consists only of a qibla wall. There are many other mosques in Delhi made of just one wall, but this one is the largest.



Delhi Nili Mosque: Located between the city of Siri and the Hauz Khas reservoir area, this is a Lodi-era mosque that is still in use.



Delhi Rajon ki Baoli Mosque: Located in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, it features what is considered the most beautiful stepwell (baoli) in Delhi, said to have been built by Daulat Khan Khwaja Muhammad in 1506 during the reign of Sultan Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517).



Delhi Muhammad Wali Mosque: Situated right next to the northwest wall of the city of Siri, it features a typical Lodi dynasty style.



Delhi Jamali Kamali Mosque: Located in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, this is a tomb-mosque for two men, Jamali and Kamali. Jamali, whose full name was Jamali Kamboh, was a famous 16th-century Persian poet and Sufi saint in India who was highly regarded by the Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun.



Delhi Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque: Located inside the Old Fort (Purana Qila), which was the sixth city of Delhi. After Sher Shah Suri, the ruler of the Suri dynasty, defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and took Delhi in 1540, he used the Old Fort as his royal court and built this royal mosque in 1541.



Delhi Salimgarh Fort Mosque: Located north of the Red Fort, it was built in 1546 by Salim Shah Suri (reigned 1545-1554), the son of the Suri dynasty ruler Sher Shah Suri.



Delhi Isa Khan Mosque: Located within the Humayun's Tomb complex, this is a tomb-mosque for the Pashtun noble Isa Khan of the Suri dynasty.



Delhi Khairul Manazil Mosque: Located across from the Purana Qila fort, it was commissioned in 1561 by Maham Anga, the chief nurse to the Mughal Emperor Akbar and the actual power behind the throne from 1560 to 1562.



Delhi Afsarwala Mosque: Located southwest of Humayun's Tomb, it was built between 1566 and 1567 as a tomb-mosque for an official in the court of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.



Delhi Jama Mosque: Located in Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi), the seventh city of Delhi, it once served as the main Friday mosque for the Mughal Empire. The Jama Mosque was built between 1650 and 1656 by order of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658), who also built the Taj Mahal.



Fatehpuri Mosque in Delhi: Located in the northwest of Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad), directly facing the Red Fort, it was built in 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, the wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.



Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid) in Delhi: Located inside the Delhi Red Fort, it was built in 1659 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (reigned 1658-1707) to serve as a private mosque for the royal family.



Sunehri Mosque in Delhi: Located in the eastern part of Old Delhi's Shahjahanabad, it was built in 1751 by order of Qudsia Begum.



Safdarjung Mosque in Delhi: Located west of Lodi Gardens, this is the mosque attached to the tomb of Safdarjung. Safdarjung became the Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire in 1748 and was the actual ruler of the Mughal dynasty. The Safdarjung Tomb and its mosque are known as the last major architectural works of the Mughal dynasty and serve as a symbol of the dynasty's decline.



February: 1 mosque in Vietnam.

Saigon Central Mosque: Built by South Indian Tamils in 1935, it is the most important mosque in Saigon. After Vietnam was unified in 1975, the religious community in Saigon faced a huge shock, with many believers imprisoned or fleeing abroad. Religious life in Vietnam only slowly recovered after 1986. Today, besides the local Cham people, merchants and tourists from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Pakistan all come here.



April: 3 mosques in Xinjiang.

Yarkant Azna Mosque in Shache: Built during the reign of Abu Bakr in Yarkant (1465-1514), it has not been rebuilt by later generations and still preserves its original appearance, making it very precious. Its design is very similar to the 14th and 15th-century Bibi-Khanym Mosque of the Timurid Empire and the Begampur Mosque of the Delhi Sultanate, though it is smaller in scale.



Shache Jiaman Mosque: It is said to have been started by Sultan Said Khan, the founder of the Yarkant Khanate, and later expanded during the time of Abdullah Khan (reigned 1638–1669).



Shache Altun Mosque: Built in 1533 during the Yarkant Khanate period, its current appearance dates from renovations and expansions in 1735.



May: 2 mosques in Tibet.

Lhasa Kache Lingka Mosque: Among the two mosques currently at Kache Lingka, one is the only traditional Tibetan-style mosque in Lhasa today. A plaque on the door reads: 'This mosque was first built in 1775, has undergone four repairs over its long history, and completed its last repair in 2008.' The facade of the other mosque has been rebuilt in an Arab style, and a plaque at the entrance reads: 'This mosque was first built in 1655 AD, has undergone many repairs over its long history, and completed its last repair in 2000 AD.'





June: 1 mosque in Tianjin.

Northwest Corner South Mosque: It is one of the few remaining historical sites in the Northwest Corner and is currently the center of the local Hui Muslim community. It was built during the Guangxu reign and completed during the Xuantong reign.



June: 5 mosques in the UAE.

Dubai Nasser bin Obaid bin Lootah Mosque: Lootah is a famous merchant family in the UAE, and this family first came to Dubai from Liwa to settle in Al Ras. At that time, Al Ras had no residents and was just a place for grazing camels. Later, other members of this family also came to settle in Al Ras, including Obaid bin Lootah. In 1910, Obaid bin Lootah's son, Nasser, built this mosque.



Almulla Mosque in Dubai: It follows the traditional Gulf style and has no minaret or dome.



Obeid Bin Issa Mosque in Sharjah: This is the oldest mosque in Sharjah. It is a rammed-earth building from the 19th century, and there is a palm-frond shelter in front of the ablution area. The main prayer hall has wooden pillars. The mihrab is plain with no decorations, and the minbar pulpit next to it is also set inside a niche.



Al-Daleel Mosque in Sharjah: A historic mosque that also features a palm-frond shelter in front of the main hall. To make a traditional palm ceiling, palm fibers are first washed and dried, then twisted into twine and tied onto trimmed palm branches. Next, palm leaves are washed and dried, woven into large mats, and finally laid together to form the ceiling.



Al Jame'i Mosque in Sharjah: This is the Friday mosque of Sharjah's old town. Its low, flat-roofed style is very similar to traditional architecture in Turpan, as both were designed for hot and dry climates.



July, Jiangsu

Caoqiao Mosque in Nanjing: In 2003, Caoqiao Mosque and Taiping Road Mosque were demolished. The main hall and second hall components of Taiping Road Mosque were rebuilt at a new site, and the project was completed in 2005. Caoqiao Mosque was first built during the Qianlong reign, destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and rebuilt in the early years of the Tongzhi reign. Taiping Road Mosque was originally called Huapailou Mosque. Legend says it was built by Chang Yuchun in the early Ming Dynasty. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, later rebuilt, and reconstructed again in 1924 with donations from the brothers of Nanjing businessman Jiang Guobang.



Jingjue Mosque: First built in 1388 (the 21st year of the Hongwu reign), it was burned down in 1430 (the 5th year of the Xuande reign) and rebuilt after Zheng He petitioned for its restoration. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion, and its components were moved to the Prince's Mansion. It was rebuilt in 1877 (the 3rd year of the Guangxu reign) and renovated in 1879 (the 5th year of the Guangxu reign) to form its current layout.



July, Liaoning, 1 mosque

Suizhong Mosque: Starting in the 18th century, more than ten families of Hui Muslims, including the Zhang, Ding, Li, and Jin families, moved to Suizhong from Hebei Province. In 1737 (the 2nd year of the Qianlong reign), the first mosque was built below the Kueixing Tower in the southeast of Suizhong city. In 1797 (the 3rd year of the Jiaqing reign), it was moved to its current location inside the West Gate.



August, Beijing, 2 mosques

Dongsi Mosque: The most worth-seeing part of Dongsi Mosque is the main hall built in 1447. The rear hall looks like a Chinese-style beamless hall from the outside, but inside it actually contains three brick domes. This is another way Chinese mosques localized the dome in the 15th century, following the example of the Phoenix Mosque in Hangzhou, where the dome was converted into a wooden pavilion during the Yuan Dynasty.



Huashi Mosque: First built in 1414 (the 12th year of the Ming Wanli reign), it is said to have been the residence of Chang Yuchun. It was renovated in the 41st year of the Kangxi reign and again during the Qianlong reign.



September, Shanxi, 1 mosque

Taiyuan Mosque: Located inside the South Gate on Beef Alley (Niurou Xiang). The main prayer hall and the Shengxin Tower (call to prayer tower, or bangkelou) are Ming Dynasty structures. This matches the time when Taiyuan city took its final shape and Hui Muslims officially settled in the city.



14 sites in Azerbaijan in September

Baku Palace Mosque: Built between 1441 and 1442 by order of the Shirvanshah king, Khalilullah I. In 1723, the army of Tsar Peter I shelled Baku from the Caspian Sea, damaging the northeast facade. The minaret was hit by artillery fire in 1918. The main prayer hall is very small and is generally used only by people from the palace or the immediate neighborhood.



Muhammad Mosque: Built in 1078-1079, it is the oldest surviving religious building in Azerbaijan. According to the Kufic Arabic inscription on the north wall, the mosque was built by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Research shows the mosque was built on the site of a Zoroastrian fire mosque, and Muhammad was the mayor of Baku at the time.



Takyeh Mosque: A 13th-century Sufi mosque that served as a place for Sufi practitioners to study and rest.



Khidir Mosque: Built in 1301. Archaeological excavations in 1988 revealed that this mosque was built on the site of a Zoroastrian mosque.



Mirza Ahmad Mosque: Built in 1345. The wall at the entrance is carved with scripture and the architect's name. It is currently closed due to its dilapidated state.



Chin Mosque: Stone carvings at the top of the entrance show it was built between 1375 and 1376, with repairs made between 1772 and 1773.



Molla Ahmad Mosque: Built in the early 14th century by the famous architect Mahmud ibn Sad of the Shirvan-Absheron school. It is a typical example of a small community mosque from the Shirvanshah dynasty.



Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque: Built by Haji Amirshah ibn Yagub between 1415 and 1416. Baku was ruled at the time by the 33rd Shirvanshah king, Ibrahim I (reigned 1382-1417), which is why it is also called the Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque. In the 19th century, the mosque's facade was divided into three sections and windows were added.



Juma Mosque: The main mosque in Baku's Old City. Inscriptions on the mosque walls show that Amir Sharaf al-Din Mahmud renovated it in 1309. The current main prayer hall was funded by Baku merchant Haji Shikhlali Dadashov in 1899, blending traditional styles with European architecture.



Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque: Built in the early 17th century by Sayyid Yahya Murtuza himself. He was a famous local imam and was buried here after his passing. During the Soviet era, it became a carpenter's workshop. Religious activities resumed in the 1990s, and it is now affiliated with the Juma Mosque.



Haji Bani Mosque: Built in the 16th century by the architect Haji Bani. A women's prayer hall and windows were added during renovations in 1902-1903.



Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque: Located north of the Maiden Tower and thought to date back to the 9th or 10th century. Archaeologist Farhad Ibrahimov excavated the site between 1990 and 1993, and the mihrab niche was unearthed in 1998.



Haji Heybat Mosque: Built in 1791 by the architect Haji Heybat Amir Ali oghlu. It is a small community mosque.



Məktəb Mosque: Built between 1646 and 1647, it sits right next to the Maiden Tower.



38 mosques in Turkey in October.

Konya Iplikci Mosque: Ordered in 1201 by the Seljuk vizier Shams al-Din Altun Aba, it was built by the architect Abu al-Fazi Abd al-Jabbar from Tabriz, Iran. This is key evidence of Persian craftsmen directly influencing Seljuk architecture. This building went through a series of renovations during the Karamanid dynasty, the Ottoman Empire, and modern times. Today, the original mosaic tiles on the mihrab inside the hall have been replaced by marble, but the parts at the bottom covered by carpets are still original pieces from the Seljuk period.



Konya Alaeddin Mosque: It was rebuilt on top of a Christian church shortly after the Seljuks occupied Konya in the late 11th century, and many of its components were taken directly from nearby Byzantine buildings. The earliest surviving inscription dates back to the reign of the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Mesud I (reigned 1116–1156). The mosque's ebony minbar has an inscription from 1155, and the tiles on the mosque's mihrab and dome should have been built in the same period.



Konya Sahib Ata Mosque: Built by Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, the architect was Keluk bin Abdullah. Sahib Ata was a key official in the court of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum from the 1250s until his death in 1288, and he even held great power in the sultanate after 1277.



Bursa Orhan Mosque: This was the first mosque in Bursa. It was built in 1339 by the second Ottoman ruler, Orhan (reigned 1324-1362). It was burned by the Karamanid dynasty in 1413, rebuilt by Sultan Mehmed I (reigned 1379-1421) in 1417, and repaired again after being damaged by an earthquake in 1855.



Bursa Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami): This is the largest mosque in Bursa and the largest of the multi-domed Ottoman mosques. This mosque consists of 20 domes and two minarets and is known as a masterpiece of early Ottoman architecture. It was built between 1396 and 1399 by the fourth Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid I (reigned 1389-1402), to celebrate the famous Battle of Nicopolis. The architect is said to be Ali Neccar.



Bursa Hüdavendigar Mosque: Also called the Murad I Mosque, it was built by Sultan Murad I between 1363 and 1366. It is a classic early Ottoman T-shaped mosque. Its biggest feature is that the madrasa is located on the floor above the prayer hall. Because many Byzantine craftsmen participated in its construction, the mosque features Byzantine-style brickwork and column capitals. At the same time, this is the only Ottoman mosque with two porches.



Bursa Lightning Mosque (Yıldırım Bayezid Mosque): Also called the Lightning Bayezid Mosque, it was ordered by Sultan Bayezid I between 1390 and 1395. It underwent major repairs after the 1855 earthquake. It is the only early Ottoman mosque in Bursa built entirely of stone, without using any bricks. the Lightning Mosque is the first mosque to feature a Bursa arch structure. This flat arch is located between the main hall and the gate, supporting two large domes.



Bursa Green Mosque (Yeşil Cami): Also called the Mehmed I Mosque, it was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1414 and 1419. It is a masterpiece by the famous early 15th-century Ottoman architect İvaz Pasha. The stone carvings on the gate are considered the pinnacle of early Ottoman architecture. Due to the death of Mehmed I, the narthex of the mosque was never finished.



Bursa Muradiye Mosque: Also called the Murad II Mosque, it was built by Sultan Murad II between 1425 and 1426. The mosque is an early Ottoman T-shaped mosque. The main hall has two domes, and each wing has a small dome. The interior of the mosque is decorated with blue-green and dark blue hexagonal tiles.



Edirne Old Mosque (Eski Cami): In 1413, Prince Mehmed was crowned Sultan Mehmed I in Edirne, and he officially completed the construction of this mosque the following year. This mosque is the oldest one still standing in Edirne, so it is called the Old Mosque (Eski Cami). The Old Mosque is one of the last multi-domed mosques to use the early Ottoman Seljuk style, featuring nine central domes in total. Compared to earlier Seljuk multi-domed mosques, the domes here have a noticeably larger diameter, showing that the Ottomans were starting to move past their early phase.



Edirne Muradiye Mosque: This is a small T-shaped mosque on a hill north of Edirne, built in 1436 by order of the sixth Ottoman Sultan, Murad II (reigned 1421-1444). This site was originally part of a Sufi Mevlevi complex before it was converted into a mosque.



Edirne Three-Balcony Mosque (Üç Şerefeli Camii): This is known as a major landmark that started a new era in Ottoman architecture, being the first Ottoman mosque with a central dome and the first to feature a courtyard. The mosque was started in 1438 by the sixth Ottoman Sultan, Murad II (reigned 1421-1444), and finished in 1447.



Edirne Kasım Paşa Mosque: This was built in 1479 by order of Kasım Paşa. Kasım Paşa was a famous Ottoman general who served as the commander of Rumelia, the European part of the Ottoman Empire. The mosque closed after 1950 due to the construction of a dam, and it has been damaged by floods ever since, making it the most wild and untamed early Ottoman mosque in Edirne.



Edirne Sultan Bayezid II Mosque: Located on the north bank of the Tunca River (Sadun River) in the northwest suburbs of Edirne, it was built by order of the eighth Ottoman Sultan, Bayezid II (reigned 1481-1512).



Istanbul Atik Ali Pasha Mosque: Built in 1496 by Atik Ali Pasha, the Grand Vizier to Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II, it is located south of the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul.



Istanbul Selim I Mosque: Built in 1520 by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to honor his father, Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512-1520), and completed in 1527, it is the third imperial mosque built by the Ottoman dynasty in Istanbul.



Istanbul Mihrimah Sultan Mosque: Built between 1543 and 1548, it is one of the most famous landmarks in the Üsküdar district and the second complex by Mimar Sinan still standing in Istanbul. It is the first semi-domed mosque designed by Mimar Sinan.



Istanbul Prince Mosque (Şehzade Mosque): Located on the third hill of Istanbul's old city and built between 1543 and 1548, it is considered Mimar Sinan's most important early work and his first masterpiece. It is the second semi-domed mosque designed by Mimar Sinan, consisting of one main dome and four semi-domes. This was both an improvement on Sinan's previous work, the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque with its three semi-domes, and a new interpretation of earlier designs like the Fatih Mosque (1471) and the Bayezid II Mosque (1506). This design separates the four pillars supporting the central dome, creating a more stunning visual effect.



Istanbul Hadım Ibrahim Pasha Mosque: Built in 1551, it was commissioned by the Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, known as the Eunuch (Hadım), and built by Mimar Sinan. It belongs to the first phase of Mimar Sinan's single-dome mosque designs. In this phase, Sinan used eight buttresses to support the main dome, a design that also foreshadowed his next phase of octagonal dome structures.



Istanbul Sinan Pasha Mosque: Completed in 1555 and commissioned by Sinan Pasha, it is Mimar Sinan's reinterpretation of the famous Three-Balcony Mosque (Üç Şerefeli Camii) in Edirne, and is therefore known as the smaller version of the Three-Balcony Mosque.



Istanbul Süleymaniye Mosque: Commissioned by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and built by Mimar Sinan, it sits on the third hill of Istanbul and is a key part of the old city's skyline. Construction took seven years from 1550 to 1557, though it was not officially finished until 1558. This is the largest square-based, semi-domed mosque in the career of architect Mimar Sinan, with a main dome 53 meters high, which was the tallest in the Ottoman Empire at the time.



Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and his wife İsmihan Sultan, it was built by Mimar Sinan between 1567 and 1572 and is famous for its beautiful Iznik tiles inside.



Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Istanbul: Built by Mimar Sinan between 1563 and 1570, commissioned by Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. The complex sits on the sixth hill inside the northwest walls of Istanbul, which is the highest point of the old city. The structure of the mosque is considered the most advanced type of single-dome mosque from that period. The 35-meter-high dome is supported by four piers, with four arches and four pendentives forming a tower-like structure. Four polygonal piers protrude on the outside but are almost invisible from the inside, creating a shape like a neatly cut crystal.



Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Kara Ahmed Pasha and built by Mimar Sinan, it was finally completed in 1572. It is the last imperial building in Istanbul to use dry cord (cuerda seca) tiles for decoration.



Mimar Sinan Mosque in Istanbul: Built by Mimar Sinan for himself in 1573, it was destroyed by fire in 1918, and soon after the walls collapsed, leaving only a 10-meter-high minaret.



Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned in 1578 by Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (in office 1565-1579) and built by Mimar Sinan, Sinan continued the octagonal support system he used in his masterpiece, the Selimiye Mosque, and added a small dome at each corner. Additionally, the front porch of the mosque is completely enclosed and connected to the main hall, which is very unique among Sinan's works.



Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Commissioned by Ottoman Admiral Kılıç Ali Pasha and built by Mimar Sinan between 1578 and 1580. The mosque has a central area surrounded by galleries on three sides, with the center and side areas separated, which is very similar to the structure of the Hagia Sophia and different from other classic Ottoman mosque architecture of the same period.



Şemsi Pasha Mosque in Istanbul: Built in 1581 by Mimar Sinan for the Ottoman Grand Vizier (Vezir-i Azam) Şemsi Pasha, it is the smallest complex Sinan ever built and is a famous example in Istanbul of how human architecture can blend perfectly with the natural landscape. view all

Reposted from the web

Summary: This first part of a nine-year mosque journey records a long personal route through hundreds of mosques and Muslim heritage sites. The English version preserves the original list structure, place names, years, mosque names, and factual details while keeping it as one long article.

I graduated from college and started working in 2014. I finished my internship and began saving money in 2015. In 2016, I officially started visiting mosque communities along the Grand Canal and the Yangtze River. I could not stop after that, and now I am already in my tenth year. Over these 9 years, I have been to 21 countries and 27 provinces. I visited 634 mosques, including 480 ancient buildings.

In 2016, I officially started visiting Hui Muslim communities along the Grand Canal and the Huai River, and I also visited some ancient mosques. At the same time, I used the National Day holiday to take a loop trip around Xinjiang. See "Visiting 16 Ancient Mosques in 2016."

In 2017, I continued visiting Hui Muslim communities along the Grand Canal and started visiting those along the Yangtze River. That year, I went to Cangzhou, Linqing, Liaocheng, Xuzhou, Huai'an, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiaxing, and Hangzhou along the Grand Canal. I also went to Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhu, Hexian, Anqing, Jiujiang, Wuhan, and Jingzhou along the Yangtze River. I recorded the scenes of the Hui Muslim communities at that time. Some of these communities have now been demolished, such as those in Wuhan and Jingzhou, and have become historical records. In the summer, I also went to Dali to visit some ancient mosques in Weishan and Eryuan. See "Visiting 27 Ancient Mosques in 2017."

In 2018, I visited 101 ancient mosques across 5 countries and 8 provinces. It was a very fulfilling year. In February, I went to Shanhaiguan. During the Spring Festival holiday, I went to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam to visit the Cham community, and then I went to Delhi, India. During the Qingming holiday, I went to Xinjiang to search for the history of the Yarkent Khanate. During the May Day holiday, I went to Lhasa to visit the Tibetan Hui Muslim community. In June, I went to the UAE for Eid al-Fitr, and then I went to Tianjin to eat and explore. In July, I used my weekends to visit Nanjing and Suizhong in Liaoning to eat and explore. In September, I went to Taiyuan to do the same. At the end of September, I used my annual leave and the National Day holiday to visit Azerbaijan and Turkey, where I saw over a hundred old buildings. In November, I went to Kaifeng for sightseeing and food. See "101 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2018".

By 2019, I had mastered the skill of using holidays to visit ancient mosques abroad. I would first research a lot of information, pick the mosques worth seeing, and then use map websites to plan my route to visit as many as possible in the limited time. I visited a total of 64 ancient mosques across 7 countries and 2 provinces. See '64 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2019'.

At the start of 2020, I went to Urumqi for the Spring Festival holiday and visited the Shaanxi Old Quarter mosque. Later, I was almost locked down and unable to return to Beijing. I worked from home during the first half of the year. Once restrictions were lifted in early July, we spent a weekend visiting the Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque in Qinghai. In August, we took our honeymoon and visited 18 ancient mosques in Yunnan and Sichuan. During the National Day holiday, we traveled upstream along the Han River and visited 3 ancient mosques in southern Shaanxi. In total, I visited 23 ancient mosques across 5 provinces in 2020. See '23 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2020'.

In January 2021, mosques in Beijing were closed. In mid-March, travel restrictions were lifted, so I rushed to visit ancient mosques in Henan, Jiangsu, Hebei, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Tianjin, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia. By July, travel out of Beijing was restricted again. During the National Day holiday, there were no new cases nationwide, so we went on a road trip to Yunnan to visit ancient mosques. After the holiday, I could not leave Beijing again. In 2021, with less than half a year of actual freedom, I visited 47 ancient mosques across 11 provinces and cities. See '47 Ancient Mosques Visited in 2021'.

2022 was the most difficult year, as I was unable to leave Beijing for the entire year. That year, I visited some ruins of former ancient mosques in Beijing and some mosques I had never been to before, totaling 25 ancient mosques for the year. See "Visiting 25 Ancient Mosques in Beijing in 2022."

Travel restrictions within Beijing were lifted in early 2023, and international travel restrictions were lifted in May. This year saw an explosion of travel, covering 11 provinces and cities, 6 countries, and three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—for a total of 124 ancient mosques. See "Visiting 124 Ancient Mosques in 2023."

Life gradually returned to normal in 2024, and the number of ancient mosques I visited dropped due to work changes and spending time with my children. This year I went to 6 provinces and 3 countries, visiting 63 ancient mosques. I visited Malaysia three times, touring 24 ancient mosques, which covers almost all the ancient mosques in Malaysia. See "Visiting 63 Ancient Mosques in 2024."



Here is the list of mosques I have visited:

Province

City

Name

Date

Notes

Beijing

Dongcheng

Dongsi Mosque

The main hall was built in 1447 as an official mosque during the Ming Dynasty.

Huashi Mosque

It was first built in 1414 (the 12th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty) as an official mosque.

Dongzhimen Outer Mosque

It was first built in the Yuan Dynasty, moved and rebuilt in 1991, and still keeps its original mihrab.

Andingmen Outer Mosque

It was first built during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty and moved to its current site in 1991.

Nandouyacai Mosque

It was first built in 1798 and moved to its current site in 2003.

Xicheng District

Niujie Mosque

Its history goes back to the Liao and Jin dynasties, and it was expanded in 1427 (the second year of the Xuande reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Mishi Hutong Mosque

It was converted in 1940 by Hui Muslims from the northwest living near Caishikou.

No longer in use

Fayuan Mosque

It was moved and expanded during the Kangxi reign, and the main hall was expanded again during the Republic of China period.

Deshengqiao Mosque

It was first built in the Qing Dynasty and rebuilt in 1946.

Large residential courtyard (dazayuan)

Yongshou Mosque

It was first built in 1605 (the 33rd year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Qianmen Mosque

First built in the early Ming Dynasty, then renovated in 1680 and 1795.

Main prayer hall of the China Islamic Institute.

Built in 1958.

Huihuiying Mosque.

Built by imperial order of the Qianlong Emperor in 1759, rebuilt in 1912, demolished in 2010, and relocated and rebuilt in 2011; it still houses Qing Dynasty stone tablets and arched doorways.

No longer in use

Pushou Mosque.

First built in 1429 (the fourth year of the Xuande reign of the Ming Dynasty), rebuilt in 2014, and currently houses stone tablets from various dynasties.

No longer in use

Zhengyuan Mosque.

Its predecessor was located at Beigouyan inside Xizhimen, first built during the Daoguang reign; it was relocated and renamed in 1997.

Houheyan Mosque.

First built in 1948 and rebuilt in 1995.

Haidian.

Fangwai Guan (View of the World from Afar) in the Old Summer Palace.

Built between 1756 and 1759 (the 21st to 24th years of the Qianlong reign) specifically for the Zhuo clan to perform namaz.

Ruins

Landianchang Mosque.

First built during the Ming Dynasty and renovated in 2007.

Shucun Mosque.

First built during the Kangxi reign.

Madian Mosque.

First built during the Kangxi reign.

Haidian Mosque.

First built during the Ming Dynasty, renovated and expanded in 1995.

Siwangfu Mosque.

First built during the Qianlong period, rebuilt in 1990.

Anheqiao Mosque.

First built during the Kangxi years, moved and rebuilt in 2005.

Chaoyang.

Xihui Mosque.

First built in 1821 (the first year of the Daoguang reign), rebuilt in 1999.

Yangzha Mosque.

First built during the Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1994.

Wanziying Mosque.

Original construction date unknown, renovated in the late 1980s.

Balizhuang Mosque.

First built in the early years of the Qianlong reign, renovated in 2000.

Nanxiapo Mosque.

First built in the early Kangxi years.

Changying Mosque.

Built during the Zhengde years of the Ming Dynasty, expanded in 2004.

Guanzhuang Mosque.

Original construction date unknown, renovated and rebuilt from 2003 to 2004.

Fangshan.

Doudian Mosque.

First built in 1713, rebuilt in 2017.

Changping.

Shahe Mosque

It was first built during the Ming Dynasty and renovated twice during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era.

Wujie Mosque

Legend says it was built by Chang Yuchun during his northern expedition, and it was rebuilt during the Wanli period using stone and wood originally intended for the Ming Tombs.

Jahriyya

Nankou Mosque

It was built in the Ming Dynasty and renovated during the Guangxu period.

No longer in use

Xiguanshi Mosque

It was first built in 1494 (the seventh year of the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty), and the main prayer hall was rebuilt in 1709 (the forty-eighth year of the Kangxi period).

Heying Mosque

Located next to the tomb of Bo Haji, it was rebuilt in 1930 and renovated again in 2024.

Yanqing

Chadao Mosque

It was first built in the Qing Dynasty and rebuilt in 2008.

Miyun

Gubeikou Mosque

It was first built in the Ming Dynasty and renovated during the Chongzhen period of the Ming and the Kangxi period of the Qing.

No longer in use

Chengguan Mosque

It was first built in the Qing Dynasty and moved to a new location to be rebuilt in 2006.

Mujiayu Mosque

It was first built in the Qing Dynasty, destroyed in 1948, rebuilt in 1991, and rebuilt again in 2024.

Tongzhou

Tongzhou Grand Mosque

Built during the Yuan Dynasty Yanyou period (1314–1320), it was expanded in 1593 (the 21st year of the Wanli reign).

Zhangjiawan Mosque

Built in the early Ming Dynasty, the fourth section of the prayer hall was expanded in 1956.

Majuqiao Mosque

First built in the Ming Dynasty, it was renovated during the Qianlong reign, expanded again in 1937, and rebuilt in 1999 using wood and bricks from the Niujie Women's Mosque.

Xiguan Mosque

First built in 1766, it was rebuilt in 2014.

Tianjin

Hongqiao

Northwest Corner South Mosque

Construction began during the Guangxu reign and was completed during the Xuantong reign.

Northwest Corner Grand Mosque

First built in the Ming Dynasty, it was expanded twice in the 18th year of the Kangxi reign and the 6th year of the Jiaqing reign.

Northwest Corner West Mosque

First built in 1910 and later rebuilt.

Wuqing

Yangcun North Mosque

First built in 1620 (the 48th year of the Wanli reign), it was expanded in 1999.

Hexiwu Mosque

First built in 1403, it was rebuilt in 1988.

Beichen

Tianmu North Mosque

First built in 1404, it was rebuilt in 1992.

Heping

Xining Road Mosque

Built in 1992

Hebei

Jinjia Yao Mosque

First built in 1574, it is the oldest mosque in Tianjin and was rebuilt in 1890.

Hexi

Liulin Mosque

Built in 2005

Nankai

Dongda Mosque

First built in 1915, it moved to its current location in 2008.

Hedong

Fuxingzhuang Mosque

First built in 1927, it moved to its current location in 2004.

Hebei

Shijiazhuang

Shijiazhuang Mosque

First built in 1907, it was rebuilt in 1995.

Cangzhou

Beida Mosque

First built in 1420 (the 18th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Botou Mosque

First built in 1404 (the 2nd year of the Yongle reign), it was expanded between the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Qinhuangdao

Shanhaiguan Mosque

Built in 1381 (the 14th year of the Hongwu reign).

Zhangjiakou

Xinhua Street Mosque

Built in 1863 (the 2nd year of the Tongzhi reign) by camel herders from Ningxia.

Xiguan Mosque

Built during the Yongzheng period.

Xuanhua South Mosque

First built in 1403 (the 1st year of the Yongle reign), moved and rebuilt in 1820 (the 25th year of the Jiaqing reign), and completed in 1854 (the 4th year of the Xianfeng reign).

Xuanhua North Mosque

First built in 1722 (the 61st year of the Kangxi reign).

Warehouse

Xuanhua Central Mosque

First built in 1821 (the 1st year of the Daoguang reign) and renovated in 2016.

Chengde

West Mosque

Built during the Daoguang reign.

Pingquan South Street Mosque

First built in 1647 (the 4th year of the Shunzhi reign) and rebuilt in 1742 (the 7th year of the Qianlong reign).

Baoding

West Mosque

First built in 1616.

East Mosque

First built during the Tongzhi reign.

Warehouse

Women's mosque.

First built in 1916 and moved to this location in 1940.

Mosque inside Zhuozhou city.

First built during the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main prayer hall rebuilt in 2000.

Xingtai.

Hongguanying Mosque in Linxi County.

First built between the Xuande and Tianshun reigns of the Ming Dynasty, burned down during the Taiping Rebellion's Northern Expedition in 1854, and rebuilt into its current form in 1874.

Shandong.

Jinan.

South Great Mosque (Nandasi).

Moved to the current site in 1295 and renovated and expanded in 1874.

Beida Mosque

First built during the Hongzhi reign of the Ming Dynasty, with multiple expansions during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China era.

Dikou Mosque.

First built at the end of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty.

Nanguan Mosque.

First built in 1500 and renovated in 1858.

Dangxi Mosque.

First built at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, later burned down by the Red Turban Army, and rebuilt in 1397 (the 30th year of the Hongwu reign).

Dangdong Mosque.

First built in 1510 (the 5th year of the Zhengde reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Ma'anshan Small Mosque.

Built no later than the Qing Dynasty, it was later abandoned and only ruins and broken stone tablets remain.

Ruins

Qingzhou

Zhenjiao Mosque

First built in 1302 (the sixth year of the Dade reign of the Yuan Dynasty).

Chengli Mosque

First built in 1546 (the twenty-fifth year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Tai'an

Taicheng Mosque

First built between the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and expanded through successive dynasties.

Xiawang Mosque

Land was donated in 1626 (the sixth year of the Tianqi reign of the Ming Dynasty), and it was rebuilt many times during the Qing Dynasty.

Taicheng East Mosque

First built in 1920 and rebuilt in 1995.

Liaocheng

Dongguan West Mosque

First built in 1385.

Dongguan East Mosque

First built during the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty.

Linqing

Beida Mosque

First built in 1504.

East Mosque

First built in 1465 and expanded in 1734.

Women's mosque.

First built in 1924, rebuilt in 2009.

Jining

Shunhe East Mosque (Shunhe Dongdasi)

Built around 1420 during the late Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, renovated in 1459 (the third year of the Tianshun reign).

Liuhang East Mosque (Liuhang Dongsi)

Built during the Wanli reign, expanded during the Kangxi reign.

Dezhou

Beiying Mosque (Beiyingsi)

First built during the Ming Dynasty Wanli reign, rebuilt in 1940.

Nanying Mosque (Nanyingsi)

First built between the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in 2006.

Xiaoguoshi Mosque (Xiaoguoshisi)

First built in 1582, rebuilt in 2012.

Henan

Kaifeng

Kaifeng East Mosque (Kaifeng Dongdasi)

Destroyed by flooding at the end of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1655 (the twelfth year of the Kangxi reign).

Shanyitang Mosque (Shanyitangsi)

Built in 1874 (the thirteenth year of the Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty) by Hui Muslims from Shaanxi who settled in Kaifeng.

Wangjia Hutong Women's School (Wangjia Hutong Nüxuetang)

First built in the 1810s (during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty), it is the earliest women's mosque in the country.

Beida Mosque

Destroyed by Yellow River flooding in 1645, relocated and rebuilt in 1662 (the first year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty).

Wenshu Mosque

It was first built in the Ming Dynasty, destroyed by a flood at the end of the Chongzhen era, and rebuilt in 1649 (the sixth year of the Shunzhi era of the Qing Dynasty). It still has a screen wall from the Qing Dynasty.

Zhuxian Town North Mosque

It was first built during the Taiping Xingguo years of the Northern Song Dynasty, destroyed by a flood at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and rebuilt in 1738 (the third year of the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty).

Zhengzhou

Beida Mosque

It is said to have been first built in the Ming Dynasty and renovated in the Qing Dynasty.

Bo'ai

Xiguan Mosque

It was first built in the Yuan Dynasty, and the main hall was expanded in 1405 (the third year of the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty). It is known as the 'First Mosque of Northern Henan'.

Erxianmiao Mosque

It was first built in the Yuan Dynasty, renovated in 1638 (the eleventh year of the Chongzhen era of the Ming Dynasty), and renovated again in 1731 (the ninth year of the Yongzheng era of the Qing Dynasty).

Daxinzhuang East Mosque

It was first built in the Yuan Dynasty, expanded in the Ming Dynasty, and the rear hall was added during the Republic of China era.

Daxinzhuang West Mosque

It was first built during the Jiaqing era.

Qinyang

Beida Mosque

It was moved to its current location in 1561 (the fortieth year of the Jiajing era of the Ming Dynasty), destroyed by fire in 1628 (the first year of the Chongzhen era of the Ming Dynasty), and rebuilt in 1631.

Liaoning

Suizhong

Suizhong Mosque

It was first built in 1737 (the second year of the Qianlong era) and moved to its current location in 1797 (the third year of the Jiaqing era).

Lingyuan

Lingyuan Mosque

Built during the Qianlong reign.

Shenyang

South Great Mosque (Nandasi).

First built in 1636 (the first year of the Chongde reign of the Qing Dynasty) and expanded in 1662.

East Mosque

First built in 1803 (the eighth year of the Jiaqing reign). In 1935, the prayer hall was rebuilt in a Western style, while the Moon-Watching Tower (Wangyue Lou) kept its original Chinese style.

No longer in use

Xinmin Mosque

Built in 1765, burned down in 1866, and rebuilt in 1883.

Kaiyuan

Laocheng Mosque

First built in 1406 (the fourth year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt in 1680 (the nineteenth year of the Kangxi reign). It is the oldest mosque in Northeast China.

Jinzhou

Luyang Mosque

First built in 1531 and rebuilt between 1922 and 1925.

Beizhen Mosque

First built in 1522 and expanded in 1617.

Xinlitun Mosque

Built in 1842, burned down in 1873, and later rebuilt.

Dandong

Fengcheng Mosque

Built in 1775.

Dandong Mosque

First built in 1876, rebuilt in 2004.

Dalian

Fuzhou Mosque (Fuzhou Si)

Built in 1656, the main hall was rebuilt in 1774, and it was expanded in 1880 and 1920.

Qingdui Mosque (Qingdui Si)

First built during the Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty, renovated in 1894.

Dalian Mosque (Dalian Si)

First built in 1922, rebuilt in 1990.

Jilin

Changchun

Changtong Road Mosque (Changtonglu Si)

First built in 1824, moved to its current location in 1852, and expanded in 1864.

Heilongjiang

Harbin

Daowai Mosque (Daowai Si)

First built in 1897, rebuilt in 1935.

Acheng Mosque (Acheng Si)

First built in 1777, rebuilt in 1900.

Tatar Mosque (Dada Si)

First built in 1901, rebuilt in 1937.

Museum

Qiqihar

Bukui West Mosque (Bukui Xi Si)

Built in 1852, it is the only Jahriyya (Zheherenye) mosque in Heilongjiang.

Jahriyya

Bukui East Mosque

The first mosque in Heilongjiang, built in 1676.

Shanxi

Taiyuan

Taiyuan Mosque

Rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty.

Datong

Datong Mosque

First built in 1324 (the first year of the Taiding era of the Yuan Dynasty) by imperial order, and rebuilt in 1622.

Inner Mongolia

Hohhot

Great Mosque

First built between the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, expanded in 1789 (the 54th year of the Qianlong era), and expanded again in 1923.

East Mosque

First built during the Kangxi era of the Qing Dynasty as a school, expanded into a mosque during the Guangxu era, and rebuilt in 2014.

Ulanqab

Fengzhen Longshengzhuang Mosque

First built in 1751 (the 16th year of the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty) and expanded in 1831 (the 11th year of the Daoguang era).

Chifeng

Chifeng North Mosque

First built in 1739 and moved to its current location in 1747.

Shaanxi

Xi'an

Huajue Lane Mosque

Rebuilt during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1398).

Daxuexi Lane Mosque

Rebuilt in 1384 (the 17th year of the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty).

Ikhwan

Xiaopiyuan Mosque

Renovated in 1611 (the 39th year of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty).

Dapiyuan Mosque

Built in 1411 (the 9th year of the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty).

Ikhwan

Xiaoxuexi Lane Yingli Mosque

Built in 1774 (the 39th year of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty).

Ikhwan

Beiguangji Street Small Mosque

First built in the late Ming Dynasty, the minaret (bangkelou) was built during the Qianlong period, and the main prayer hall was rebuilt after 1985.

Sajinqiao West Mosque

First built in 1926, the main prayer hall was rebuilt in 1987, and the north and south halls still keep their appearance from a hundred years ago.

Ikhwan

Nancheng Mosque

First built in 1683 (the 22nd year of the Kangxi period) and rebuilt in 1992.

Dongxinjie Mosque

First built in 1936 and rebuilt in 2013.

Ikhwan

Xiaoxuexi Lane Middle Mosque

Built in 1919 and rebuilt in 1987.

Sajinqiao Mosque.

First built during the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty and rebuilt in 1985.

Ankang.

Shuhe Mosque.

First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty and expanded in 1915.

Ankang Mosque.

First built during the Yuan Dynasty, with the main prayer hall rebuilt in 2013.

Ankang North Mosque.

First built in 1502 and rebuilt in 1994.

Jingning South Mosque.

First built during the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt after the 1980s.

Hanzhong.

Xixiang South Mosque.

First built during the Ming Dynasty, with the main gate and south wing still standing today.

Xixiang North Mosque.

Built in 1614 by Hui Muslims who moved from Jingning Prefecture (modern-day Pingliang, Gansu) and rebuilt in 1816.

Gansu.

Tianshui.

Houjie Mosque.

First built during the Zhizheng years of the Yuan Dynasty and rebuilt in 1374 (the seventh year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Taizi Mosque.

First built during the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty and later expanded.

Jahriyya

Houzhai Mosque

Unknown

Beiguan Mosque

Unknown

Qinan Nanxiaguan Mosque

First built during the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty.

Linxia

Beisi Mosque

First built in 1741 (the sixth year of the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty), only the original spirit wall remains today.

Laowang Mosque

First built in 1368 (the first year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty), rebuilt in 1980.

West Mosque

First built during the Kangxi era, rebuilt in 1983.

Daqi Mosque

First built during the Kangxi era, rebuilt in 1985.

Qinghai

Ping'an

Hongshuiquan Grand Mosque

The current buildings mostly follow the style from the Qianlong era.

Xunhua

Qingshuihe East Mosque

First built in 1425.

Mengda Mosque

First built in 1408 (the sixth year of the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty), expanded three times during the Qing Dynasty.

Tashapo Mosque

Built in 1480 (the 16th year of the Chenghua reign of the Ming Dynasty) and renovated in 1755 (the 20th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty).

Labian Mosque

First built during the Qianlong reign, the main hall was rebuilt in 2015, and only the minaret (xuanlilou) and the two side gate towers remain of the ancient structure.

Zhangga Mosque

First built in 1406 (the 4th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty.

Kewa Mosque

First built in 1403 (the 1st year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty) and expanded during the Qing Dynasty.

Suzhi Mosque

First built in 1460 (the 4th year of the Tianshun reign of the Ming Dynasty) and expanded during the Qing Dynasty.

Hualong

Ahetan Mosque

The existing structure dates to the Qing Dynasty.

Xinjiang

Urumqi

Shaanxi Laofang Mosque

First built in 1808 (the 12th year of the Jiaqing reign) and rebuilt in 2014.

Shaanxi Great Mosque

First built in 1883 (the 9th year of the Guangxu reign) and again in 1906 (the 32nd year of the Guangxu reign).

South Great Mosque (Nandasi).

The first Jahriyya mosque in Urumqi, first built in 1874 (the 13th year of the Tongzhi reign) and rebuilt in 1919.

Jahriyya

Kuanxiang Mosque

First built during the Jiaqing reign of the Qing Dynasty and rebuilt in 1934.

Closed

Qinghai Grand Mosque

Built in 1868 (the seventh year of the Tongzhi reign) with donations from Hui Muslims from Qinghai, and later rebuilt.

Salas Mosque

Built in 1865 (the fourth year of the Tongzhi reign) by the Salar people from Qinghai, and rebuilt in 2002.

Hezhou Grand Mosque

Built in 1915 by Hui Muslims from Linxia, Gansu, and rebuilt in 1988.

Beifang Mosque

First built in 1886 (the twelfth year of the Guangxu reign), and later rebuilt.

Dongfang Grand Mosque

First built in 1877 (the third year of the Guangxu reign), and later rebuilt.

Xidasi Mosque

Built in 1890 (the sixteenth year of the Guangxu reign) by Hui Muslims from Shaanxi, and later moved and rebuilt.

Balikun Mosque

Built in 1877 (the third year of the Guangxu reign) by Hui Muslims from Balikun, and later rebuilt.

Fengxiang Mosque

Built in 1884 (the tenth year of the Guangxu reign) by Hui Muslims from Fengxiang, Shaanxi, and later rebuilt.

Binzhou Mosque (Baiji Mosque)

Built during the Guangxu reign by Hui Muslims from Binzhou Prefecture, Shaanxi (now Binzhou City), and moved and rebuilt in 1990.

Yongdeng Mosque

Built in 1946 by Hui Muslims from Yongdeng, Gansu.

Lanzhou Mosque

Moved and rebuilt in 1984.

Hami

Shaanxi Great Mosque

First built in 1898, the old hanging flower gate (chuihuamen) still stands today.

Turpan

Shanshan East Mosque (Shanshan Dongdasi)

Completed in 1911.

Jahriyya

Dongda Mosque

First built in 1871 and renovated in 1911.

Xidasi Mosque

First built in 1859.

Sugong Minaret Mosque (Sugongta Si).

Built in 1778, it is the tallest historic minaret in Xinjiang.

Yining

Shaanxi Great Mosque

First built in 1751, with expansions in 1760 and 1781.

Uzbek Mosque (Uzbek Si).

Built in 1933.

Uzbek people.

Baitula Mosque (Baitula Si).

Built in 1773, the old call-to-prayer tower (bangke ta) still stands.

Uyghur people (Taranchi).

Yarkant (Shache).

Azna Mosque (Azna Si).

Built during the reign of Aba Bakr in Yarkant (1465-1514).

Jiaman Mosque

It was first built by Sultan Said Khan, the founder of the Yarkant Khanate, and later expanded during the reign of Abdullah Khan (1638–1669).

Altun Mosque

Built in 1533 during the Yarkant Khanate, its current appearance dates back to renovations and expansions in 1735.

Kashgar

Id Kah Mosque

First built in 1442.

Kuqa

Great Mosque

First built in the 16th century.

Anhui

Huainan

Shouxian Great Mosque

Moved to its current location during the Tianqi era of the Ming Dynasty.

Laishanjie Mosque

First built in 1619 (the 47th year of the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty), and expanded in 1872 (the 11th year of the Tongzhi era) with funds donated by Yang Qizhen.

Bengbu

Linbei Old Mosque

First built in the late Ming Dynasty, and abandoned in 2015.

Linbei New Mosque

Newly built in 2015.

Chuzhou

Fengyang Prefecture City Mosque

Built shortly after the completion of Fengyang Prefecture City in 1755.

Anqing

Nanguan Mosque.

It was first built in 1469 (the fifth year of the Chenghua reign). It was destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1853 (the third year of the Xianfeng reign) and rebuilt in 1897 (the twenty-third year of the Guangxu reign).

Xiguan Mosque

It was first built during the Qianlong reign and moved to its current location in 1877 (the thirteenth year of the Guangxu reign).

Only the main gate remains today.

Wuhu

Wuhu Mosque

It was first built in the early Qing dynasty, destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and rebuilt in 1864.

Ma'anshan

Hexian Mosque

It was first built in 1368 (the first year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming dynasty) and rebuilt in 1837 (the seventeenth year of the Daoguang reign).

Jiangsu

Nanjing

Hushu Mosque

It was first built in 1392 (the twenty-fifth year of the Hongwu reign). It was destroyed during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the main hall was rebuilt in 1896 (the twenty-second year of the Guangxu reign).

Xiaowangfu Lane Mosque

It was first built in 1874 (the thirteenth year of the Tongzhi reign).

It is currently being vacated.

Liuhe Changjiang Road Mosque

It was first built during the Qianlong reign, destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and rebuilt during the Guangxu reign.

Caoqiao Mosque

After Caoqiao Mosque and Taiping Road Mosque were demolished in 2003, the building components of the main hall and second hall of Taiping Road Mosque were used to rebuild it at a new site, which was completed in 2005. Taiping Road Mosque was destroyed by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, later rebuilt, and rebuilt again in 1924.

Jingjue Mosque

First built in 1388 (the 21st year of the Hongwu reign), rebuilt in 1877 (the 3rd year of the Guangxu reign).

Jizhaoying Mosque

First built in 1770 (the 35th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty), rebuilt in 2009.

Yangzhou

Puhading Tomb Mosque

The mosque is next to the main gate of the Puhading Tomb and was renovated in 1845.

Xianhe Mosque

Founded in 1275 (the 12th year of the Zhiyuan reign of the Yuan Dynasty), rebuilt in 1390 (the 23rd year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty).

Gaoyou Mosque

Rebuilt in 1864 (the 3rd year of the Tongzhi reign).

Lingtang Mosque

Moved to its current location in the early Qing Dynasty, rebuilt in 1844 (the 24th year of the Daoguang reign), and expanded again in 1921.

Zhenjiang

Gurun Mosque

First built in the Yuan Dynasty, moved to its current location in 2005. It preserves Ming and Qing dynasty stone tablets from the original mosque, an ancient well railing, and the mihrab from the mosque outside the south gate of Zhenjiang.

Xinhe Street Mosque

Built in 1930, closed after 1958.

Closed, Ikhwan sect.

Shanxiang Mosque

Expanded during the Kangxi reign, destroyed by the Taiping Rebellion in 1853 (the 3rd year of the Xianfeng reign), and rebuilt in 1873 (the 12th year of the Tongzhi reign).

Huai'an

Hexia Mosque

Built between the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Qingjiang Mosque

It was first built during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. It was destroyed by the Nian Army in 1860 (the tenth year of the Xianfeng reign) and rebuilt in 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign).

Wangjiaying Mosque

It was built during the Yongzheng reign and rebuilt in 1979.

Jahriyya

Shanghai

Fuyou Road Mosque

It was first built in 1863 (the second year of the Tongzhi reign). The main prayer hall was rebuilt in 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign). It was expanded twice in 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of the Guangxu reign) and 1905 (the thirty-first year of the Guangxu reign), and the main gate was built in 1935.

Xiaotaoyuan Mosque

It was first built in 1917 and rebuilt in 1925.

Zhejiang Road Mosque

It was first built in 1855 (the fifth year of the Xianfeng reign), officially completed in 1870 (the ninth year of the Tongzhi reign), and rebuilt in 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of the Guangxu reign).

It is now a restaurant owned by the mosque.

Songjiang Mosque

It was built during the Zhizheng period of the Yuan Dynasty and rebuilt in 1391.

Zhejiang

Jiaxing

Jiaxing Mosque

It was first built in 1602 (the thirtieth year of the Wanli reign). It fell into ruin after the Taiping Rebellion and was reused by Hui Muslims who moved there from Henan after the founding of the Republic of China.

Hangzhou

Phoenix Mosque (Fenghuang Si)

It was rebuilt in the early Yuan Dynasty. The main prayer hall was demolished in 1953, and the remaining rear hall is an ancient building.

Yiwu

Yiwu Grand Mosque

First built in 2004 and rebuilt in 2012.

Lishui

Lishui Mosque

Built in 1886.

Hubei

Wuhan

Qiyijie Mosque

The courtyard holds the Hundred-Character Eulogy stele from Yuanmenkou Mosque.

Jiangan Mosque

First built in 1918 and rebuilt in 2018.

Xiangyang

Fancheng Mosque

First built during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in 2015.

Jingzhou

Yingxijie Mosque

Built in 1925 and rebuilt in 1995.

Sichuan

Chengdu

Huangcheng Mosque

First built in 1666 (the fifth year of the Kangxi reign) and rebuilt in 1998.

Gulou Mosque

Built in the early Qing Dynasty and moved to its current location in 1996.

No longer in use

Jiusi

Built in 1763 (the 28th year of the Qianlong reign), the main hall was demolished in 2020.

Under reconstruction.

Tuqiao Upper Mosque.

First built in 1791, rebuilt in 2024.

Tuqiao Lower Mosque.

Built in 1724 (the 2nd year of the Yongzheng reign).

Nursing home.

Dujiangyan Mosque.

First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty.

Dujiangyan Baoping Mosque.

Built by Hui Muslims from Xiaojin County in 1925.

Closed

Pi County Taihechang Zhangjia Mosque.

First built in 1643 (the 16th year of the Chongzhen reign).

Mimou Town Tangjia Mosque.

First built in 1728 (the 6th year of the Yongzheng reign).

Mimou Town Chengyi Mosque.

Built in 1821 (the 1st year of the Daoguang reign), only the second gate remains today.

Ruins

Xindu Hujia Mosque.

First built in 1738 (the 3rd year of the Qianlong reign).

No longer in use

Langzhong.

Langzhong Mosque.

Built in 1669 (the eighth year of the Kangxi reign).

Boshu Mosque.

First built in 1741, then renovated later.

Nanchong.

Nanchong Mosque.

First built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1993, and renovated in 2018.

Wusheng.

Majia Mosque in Yankou Town.

Built in 1778 (the forty-third year of the Qianlong reign) and rebuilt in 1819 (the twenty-fourth year of the Jiaqing reign).

Huangjia Mosque in Yankou Town.

Built in 1893, and a school was opened there after 1946.

Ruins

Guangyuan.

Shanghe Street Mosque.

First built in 1721, it now houses nine plaques from the Qing Dynasty and the Republican era.

Ikhwan

Xichang.

City Mosque.

Built during the Taiding reign of the Yuan Dynasty, moved to its current location on Jiyang Lane in 1574, and rebuilt into its present form in 1875; it is known as the premier mosque of Xichang.

West Mosque

First built in 1801, rebuilt in 1999, and the original column bases were preserved.

East Mosque

First built in 1578 (the sixth year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt in 2001.

Miyi.

Tianba Mosque

It was first built in 1702 (the 11th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty) and was renovated and expanded many times during the Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang periods.

Songpan

Songpan North Mosque

It was first built in 1896 (the 22nd year of the Guangxu reign) and rebuilt in 2005.

Songpan Lower Mosque

It was first built in 1379 (the 12th year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty) and rebuilt in 1988.

Yousuotun Mosque

It was first built in 1933 and rebuilt in 2008.

Huoshaotun Mosque

It was first built in the early years of the Republic of China and is currently being rebuilt.

Fujian

Fuzhou

Fuzhou Mosque

It was renovated in the early years of the Zhizheng reign of the Yuan Dynasty, destroyed by fire in 1541 (the 20th year of the Jiajing reign), and rebuilt in 1549 (the 28th year of the Jiajing reign).

Quanzhou

Qingjing Mosque

It was first built in 1009 and renovated by Ahmed in 1310.

Chendai Mosque

It was built in 1991.

Xiamen

Xiamen Mosque

It was first built in 1823, and the mosque now houses two stone tablets from 1902 and 1924.

Jiangxi

Jiujiang

Jiujiang Mosque

A boundary marker from the 1898 (24th year of the Guangxu reign) renovation still exists today.

Yunnan

Dali

Xiaoweigeng Mosque in Weishan

Built in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, it was rebuilt in 1990.

Huideng Mosque in Weishan

The front part of the main hall was rebuilt with steel and concrete in 1993, while the back part was built with wood in 1944.

Shenhe Village Mosque in Weishan

The main hall was rebuilt in 1995, and the minaret (xuanlilou) was built in 1946.

Qingmenkou Mosque in Weishan

The minaret (xuanlilou) built in 1906 is still standing today.

Xincun Mosque in Weishan

It was destroyed in 1872, rebuilt during the Guangxu reign, and the main hall was rebuilt again in 1994.

Chenjia Mosque in Weishan

It was rebuilt in 1902 and expanded in 1987.

Xishulong Mosque in Weishan

It was rebuilt in 1902 and rebuilt again in 1990.

Shangxi Lianhua Mosque in Weishan

It was destroyed in 1872 and later renovated and expanded several times.

Xiaxi Lianhua Mosque in Weishan

It was destroyed in 1872, rebuilt in 1925, and later rebuilt again.

Donglianhua Mosque in Weishan

First built during the Qing Dynasty, it was expanded twice in 1921 and 1987.

Sanjia Village Mosque in Weishan

First built in the mid-Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt in 1997.

Yangbi Ancient Mosque

Built in 1382, it was burned and damaged during the Tongzhi reign, later turned into a Confucius Temple, and returned in 1994.

Yangbi Shangxiang Mosque

First built in 1921.

Yangbi Shangjie Xinyingpan Mosque

First built in 1859, it was destroyed by fire in 1989 and rebuilt between 1991 and 1992.

Fengming Mosque

First built during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, it was burned in 1872, rebuilt in 1922, and expanded in 2001.

Binju Mosque

First built in the mid-Qing Dynasty, it was destroyed during the Tongzhi reign and rebuilt in 1923.

Kelizhuang Mosque

Rebuilt in 1908.

Hometown of overseas Chinese in Myanmar

Sanmei Mosque

Built in 1908.

Bai Hui Muslims

Shipang Mosque

Built in 1896, with the minaret built in 1920.

Bai Hui Muslims

Kunming

Shuncheng Street Mosque

First built in 1425, rebuilt in 1880.

Yongning Mosque.

Originally built under the leadership of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din, it was rebuilt in 2008 and still preserves the original mihrab.

Jinniu Street Mosque.

Rebuilt in 2019, it still preserves the original mihrab.

Chenggong Huihuiying Mosque.

After renovations, it still preserves the original mihrab.

Haikou Liren Mosque.

First built in 1645 (the second year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty), destroyed in 1856 (the sixth year of the Xianfeng reign), rebuilt in 1872 (the second year of the Tongzhi reign), and expanded in 1896 (the twenty-second year of the Guangxu reign) with donations led by a local heroine, Mrs. Yang San.

Xundian Tangzi Mosque.

First built during the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt between 1923 and 1927.

Xundian Beiying Street Mosque.

First built during the Chenghua reign of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1902.

Xundian Luchong Mosque.

Built between 1881 and 1900.

Honghe Prefecture.

Kaiyuan Dazhuang Mosque.

Moved and rebuilt in 1812, expanded during the Daoguang reign (1821-1850), and known as the mosque that covers the world.

Qujiang Guanyi Mosque.

Xingmeng Pavilion was first built in 1687 (the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi reign).

Jianshui Ancient City Mosque.

First built during the Huangqing reign of the Yuan Dynasty, it is the oldest mosque in southern Yunnan. The existing main hall was rebuilt in 1730 (the eighth year of the Yongzheng reign).

Shadian Grand Mosque.

First built during the Hongzhi reign of the Ming Dynasty, then rebuilt in 2005.

Yuxi

Daying Mosque (Daying Si)

The front hall was built in 1605 (the 33rd year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty), and the main gate was rebuilt in 1914.

Eshan Dabaiyi Mosque (Eshan Dabaiyi Si)

It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1913, the main hall was rebuilt in 1915, and the call-to-prayer tower (jiaobailou) was rebuilt in 1935.

Tonghai Dahui Village Mosque (Tonghai Dahui Cun Si)

First built in the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1829, and expanded in 1946.

Jahriyya

Najiaying Xinzhai Mosque (Najiaying Xinzhai Si)

Built after 1781 by Ma Xuecheng, a student of Ma Mingxin.

Jahriyya

Zhaotong

Tuogu Grand Mosque (Tuogu Dasi)

The main hall was built in 1730 and expanded in 1755.

Longtoushan Mosque (Longtoushan Si)

Built in 1746.

Ludian Chachong Mosque (Ludian Chachong Si)

Built in 1734.

Ludian Tiejiawan Mosque (Ludian Tiejiawan Si)

Built in 1731.

Baxian Grand Mosque (Baxian Dasi)

First built in 1731 and rebuilt in 1779.

Songjiashan Mosque (Songjiashan Si)

Built in 1730.

Xishuangbanna.

Manluan Hui Mosque (Manluan Hui Si).

First built between 1830 and 1840, rebuilt in 1994, and later rebuilt again.

Guangdong.

Zhaoqing.

West City Mosque (Chengxi Si).

First built in the early years of the Qianlong reign, rebuilt in 1983, with the stone pillars and stone arches of the main prayer hall from the Qing Dynasty still preserved.

East City Mosque (Chengdong Si).

Moved and rebuilt during the Kangxi reign, rebuilt in 1991, and preserves a Qing Dynasty mihrab, pillar bases, and stone tablets.

Guangzhou.

Haopan Mosque (Haopan Si).

First built during the Chenghua reign of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt in 1706.

Huaisheng Mosque (Huaisheng Si).

First built in the Tang Dynasty, the minaret (Guangta) is from the Tang Dynasty, the Moon-Sighting Tower (Kanyue Lou) is from the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the main prayer hall is from the Republic of China era.

Xiaodongying Mosque (Xiaodongying Si).

Built in 1468 by Hui Muslim military officials, and renovated twice during the Jiaqing and Tongzhi reigns of the Qing Dynasty.

Xianxian Mosque (Xianxian Si).

The original construction date is unknown, it was rebuilt during the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, and moved and rebuilt at a new site in 2010.

Hainan.

Sanya.

Ancient Mosque (Gu Si).

First built in 1940, rebuilt in 1986.

Northwest Great Mosque (Xibei Da Si).

First built in 1940, rebuilt in 1978.

Beisi Mosque

Separated from the Northwest Mosque (Xibei Dasi) in 1981, then rebuilt.

East Mosque

Separated from the Northwest Mosque (Xibei Dasi) in 1979.

South Mosque (Nansi).

First built in 1487, rebuilt in 2016.

Nankai Mosque (Nankai Si).

Built in 1990.

Tibet.

Lhasa.

Kache Lingka Mosque (Kache Lingka Si) (Part 1).

Built in 1775, renovated in 2008.

Kashmiri descent.

Kache Lingka Mosque (Kache Lingka Si) (Part 2).

Built in 1655, renovated in 2000.

Kashmiri descent.

Lhasa Small Mosque (Lhasa Xiao Si).

First built in the 1920s, demolished and rebuilt in 1999.

Kashmiri descent.

Lhasa Great Mosque (Lhasa Da Si).

Built in 1716 (the 55th year of the Kangxi reign), rebuilt in 2001.

Hong Kong.

Shelley Street Mosque (Xieli Jie Si).

First built in 1852, rebuilt in 1915.

Jiulong Mosque

First built in 1896, rebuilt in 1980.

Aiqun Mosque

Officially completed in 1981.

Macau

Moro Garden (Moluoyuan)

Original construction date unknown, rebuilt in 1973.

South Korea

Seoul

Seoul Central Mosque

Built in 1976.

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

Saigon Central Mosque

Built by South Indian Tamils in 1935.

Al Rahim Mosque

The first mosque in Saigon, built by Malay and Indonesian Muslims in 1885, later rebuilt.

Niamatul Islamiyah Mosque

Built by Indian Muslims in 1952.

Jamiul Islamiyah Mosque

Built by South Indian Tamil Muslims in 1950, rebuilt in 2004.

Jamiul Anwar Mosque

Built with aid from Malaysia in 1968.

Embankment Mosque (Di'an Si)

Built by South Indian Tamil Muslims in 1935

Indonesia

Demak

Great Mosque of Demak (Demak Dasi)

Built in 1479

Sunan Kalijaga Gongbei

Built after 1550

Kudus

Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Aqsa Si)

Built by the people of Kudus in 1549

Langgar Bubrah Mosque

Built by the Majapahit Kingdom in 1533, it was originally a Hindu mosque before becoming a mosque.

Ruins

Banten

Great Mosque of Banten (Banten Dasi)

Built by the Banten Sultanate in 1566, with the pagoda-style tower (bangke ta) added by Chinese builders in 1632

Solo

Great Mosque of Mataram (Mataran Dasi)

Construction began in 1575, and the main hall was rebuilt after a fire in 1926

Great Mosque of Solo (Solo Dasi)

Built in 1763, it is the Royal Mosque of Solo

Yogyakarta

Great Mosque of Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta Dasi)

Founded in 1773, the Yogyakarta Royal Mosque.

Malaysia

Penang

Aceh Street Mosque

Built by Aceh pepper merchants in 1791.

Kapitan Keling Mosque

Built by people of Indian descent in 1801.

Kuala Lumpur

Jamek Mosque

Built by the Sultan of Selangor between 1908 and 1909.

National Mosque

Built in 1965.

Kota Bharu

Kampung Laut Mosque

Estimated to have been built between the 15th and 18th centuries, it was relocated in 2020 and is known as one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia.

Muhammadi Mosque

Built by the Sultan of Kelantan in 1867, it was changed from a wooden structure to a concrete one in 1922.

Klang

Alaeddin Mosque

Built in 1905 by order of the Sultan of Selangor.

Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque

A gift from the British to the Sultan of Selangor, built between 1932 and 1933.

Johor Bahru

Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque

Built by the Sultan of Johor in 1892 and officially completed in 1900.

Kampung Mahmoodiah Mosque.

First built in 1926.

Pasir Pelangi Royal Mosque.

First built in 1911.

Muar.

Sultan Ibrahim Mosque.

Construction started in 1887, reconstruction began in 1925, and it was officially completed in 1930.

Ipoh.

Indian Mosque.

Built between 1905 and 1908 by a wealthy Tamil merchant from South India.

Pakistan Mosque.

Built in 1930 by North Indians working as police officers in Ipoh.

Panglima Kinta Mosque.

Built in 1898 by the Malay chief who ruled Ipoh at the time.

Muhammadiah Mosque.

Started in 1973, it was rebuilt between 2011 and 2013 by the Ipoh branch of the Malaysian Chinese Muslim Association and is the first mosque in Malaysia with a purely Chinese architectural style.

Perak.

Ubudiah Mosque.

Built by the Sultan of Perak between 1913 and 1917.

Jamek Mosque.

Rebuilt into its current structure in 1900.

Malacca.

Kampung Hulu Mosque.

Built in 1728 by a Chinese Muslim leader (datuk), this is the oldest existing mosque in Malacca.

Tranquerah Mosque (Dongjiena Si).

Built by Indian merchants in 1728, abandoned in 1782, with only the watchtower (bangkelou) remaining.

Tranquerah Mosque (Dongjiena Si).

Built in 1782.

Kampung Kling Mosque (Kampung Jining Si).

Originally built by Indian merchants in 1748 and renovated in 1872.

Bukit Cina Mosque (Sanbaoshan Si).

Originally built in 1865.

Pengkalan Rama Mosque (Pengkalan Rama Si).

Originally built in the 1730s and renovated in 1917.

Duyong Mosque (Lurong Huijiaotang).

Built in 1850.

Serkam Pantai Mosque (Shiganbantai Huijiaotang).

Originally built in 1853.

Peringgit Mosque (Bailingyu Huijiaotang).

Originally built in 1726, but later destroyed and rebuilt in 1868.

Kuching.

Old Indian Mosque (Jiu Yindu Si).

Originally built by South Indian Tamil merchants in 1837 and rebuilt in 1876.

Closed

New Indian Mosque (Xin Yindu Si).

Completed in 2019.

Kuching Mosque (Kuching Si).

First built in 1847, rebuilt in 1968.

Sarawak State Mosque.

Built in 1990, renovated in 2024.

Kota Kinabalu.

Kota Kinabalu City Mosque.

Officially opened in 2000.

Singapore.

Al-Abrar Mosque.

Built in 1827 by Tamil Muslims from the Coromandel Coast of southeastern India, and renovated into its current appearance between 1986 and 1989.

Jamae Mosque.

A Friday mosque built in 1826 by Tamil Muslims from the Coromandel Coast of southeastern India, rebuilt into its current appearance between 1830 and 1835.

Abdul Gafoor Mosque.

First built in 1859, and rebuilt into its current structure in 1907 by South Indian Tamil Muslims.

Angullia Mosque.

Established in 1892 by Gujarati Muslims from western India, featuring an existing gatehouse.

Hajjah Fatimah Mosque.

Built between 1915 and 1920 by Indian Muslims.

Sultan Mosque.

Built by the Sultan of Johor between 1824 and 1826, and rebuilt between 1924 and 1928.

Hajjah Fatimah Mosque.

Built with funds donated by a Malay noblewoman in 1845-1846, and rebuilt in the 1930s.

Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque.

Built in 1903 by merchants from Jakarta, Indonesia.

Malabar Mosque.

Established in 1929 by people from Malabar in southwestern India, and rebuilt in 1995.

Al-Burhani Mosque.

Built in 1895 by the Dawoodi Bohra sect from Gujarat, India, and rebuilt in 1997.

Shia sect.

Brunei.

Bandar Seri Begawan.

Water Mosque.

Built between 1954 and 1958.

Jumu'ah Mosque.

Officially opened in 1994.

International Airport Mosque.

Located at the airport.

Balai Ibadat Kampong Peramu.

Located in the Water Village.

Balai Ibadat Kampong Saba.

Located in the Water Village.

Thailand.

Bangkok.

Safee Mosque.

Built in 1856 by Dawoodi Bohra merchants from Gujarat, India.

Shia sect.

Goowatil Islam Mosque.

Built in the mid-19th century by Indian merchants from Gujarat and Malay goldsmiths from Pattani Province in southern Thailand.

Ton Son Mosque.

Built by the Cham army in 1688, this is the first mosque in Bangkok. It was rebuilt in 1952 and still keeps its original mihrab.

Bang Luang Mosque

Built by the Cham people in 1785, this is the only mosque in the Thai style.

Haroon Mosque

Built by an Arab-Indonesian merchant in 1828 and rebuilt in 1934, it now preserves 19th-century wood carvings.

Java Mosque

Built by Javanese gardeners in 1906, it was expanded twice in 1927 and 1975.

Kocha Itsahak Mosque

Built by a Malay royal translator in the late 19th century.

Phadungtham Islam Mosque

Built by people of Persian descent in 1938 and rebuilt in 1979.

Shia

Dilfulla Mosque

Built in the early 19th century by merchants from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Shia

Islamic Center Foundation Mosque

Built by a young Bengali Muslim architect in 1970.

Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai Chang Khlan Mosque

Built by people of South Asian and Malay descent.

Chiang Mai Wang He Mosque

First built by Hui Muslims from Yunnan in 1917, then rebuilt in 1966.

Chiang Mai Jingzhen Mosque

Built by Hui Muslims from Yunnan in 1970.

Nurul Mosque in Chiang Mai

Built by people of South Asian descent, many from Bangladesh

Wanyang Meide Mosque

Built after 1951 by Hui Muslims from the Yunnanese soldiers of the Thai-Burma border army

Hefei Jiqing Mosque

Built after 1951 by Hui Muslims from the Yunnanese soldiers of the Thai-Burma border army

Fang District Chengxin Mosque

Established by Hui Muslims from Yunnan in 1975

Daduan Ciai Mosque

Built by Hui Muslims from Yunnan

Chiang Rai

Mae Salong Mosque

Built in the 1960s by Hui Muslims from the Yunnanese soldiers of the Thai-Burma border army

Mae Sai Yunnan Mosque

Built by Hui Muslims from Yunnan in 1952 and rebuilt in 1975

Mae Sai South Asian Mosque

Built by people of South Asian descent

Fatima Pakuk Mosque in Chiang Rai

Built by people of South Asian descent

Nurul Islam Pakistan Mosque in Chiang Rai

Built by people of Pakistani descent

Masjid Al-Munauwara in Chiang Rai

Built by people of South Asian descent

Chiang Rai Yunnan Mosque

Built by Hui Muslims from Yunnan in 1910 and rebuilt in 2009.

Uzbekistan

Bukhara

Kalan Mosque

Originally built by the Karakhanid Khanate in 1121, it was destroyed by the Mongol army in 1220, leaving only the minaret. Rebuilt by the Khanate of Bukhara in 1515, it became the main Friday mosque for the Khanate.

Khoja Zaynuddin Mosque

Built in the first half of the 16th century.

Naqshbandi Mosque

Built during the 16th century under the Khanate of Bukhara.

Chor-Bakr Necropolis Mosque

Built in 1560 during the Khanate of Bukhara.

Khoja-Gaukushan Mosque

Built in 1598, its minaret is second in height only to the Kalan Mosque.

Fayzabad Mosque

Construction began in 1598, and it served as a Sufi lodge before the Soviet era.

Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque

Built in 1637.

Magok-i-Attari Mosque

First built in the 9th to 10th centuries, it is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Central Asia and was rebuilt during the Karakhanid dynasty in the 12th century.

Currently a museum.

Namazgahi Mosque

Built by the Eastern Karakhanid dynasty between 1119 and 1120.

Ruins

Juma Mosque at the Ark Fortress

Built by the Khanate of Bukhara in the late 17th century

Bolo Hauz Mosque

Built in 1712, it is the last major mosque of the Khanate of Bukhara

Samarkand

Bibi-Khanym Mosque

Started by Timur in 1399, it was the grandest building in Central Asia in the 15th century

Shahrisabz

Kok Gumbaz Mosque

Built by the Timurid Empire in 1435

Malik Ajdar Mosque

A typical 19th-century mosque

Kazakhstan

Almaty

Dungan Mosque

Built by Hui Muslims from Shaanxi

Azerbaijan

Baku

Palace Mosque

Started in 1442, it is the mosque of the Palace of the Shirvanshahs

Shia sect.

Muhammad Mosque

Built between 1078 and 1079, it is the oldest mosque in Azerbaijan

Shia sect.

Takyeh Mosque

Built in the 13th century

Sufi mosque

Khidir Mosque

Built in 1301

Shia sect.

Mirza Ahmad Mosque

Built in 1345

No longer in use

Chin Mosque

Built between 1375 and 1376

Shia sect.

Molla Ahmad Mosque

Early 14th century

Shia sect.

Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque

Built between 1415 and 1416

Shia sect.

Jumu'ah Mosque.

The main hall was rebuilt in 1899 and includes European styles

Shia sect.

Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque

Built in the early 17th century

Shia sect.

Haji Bani Mosque

Built in the 16th century

Shia sect.

Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque

Estimated to be built in the 9th to 10th century, excavated between 1990 and 1993

Ruins

Haji Heybat Mosque

Built in 1791

Shia sect.

Məktəb Mosque

Built between 1646 and 1647

Shia sect.

Turkey

Konya

Iplikci Mosque

Construction started in 1201, later renovated many times

Alaeddin Mosque

Construction started in the late 11th century, it was the official mosque of the Sultanate of Rum

Sahib Ata Mosque

Built in the late 13th century

Selimiye Mosque

Completed in 1570, a typical Ottoman mosque

Bursa

Orhan Mosque

Built in 1339, this is the first mosque in Bursa.

Grand Mosque (Ulu Cami) of Bursa.

Built between 1396 and 1399, it is a representative work of the early Ottoman period.

Hüdavendigar Mosque.

Built between 1363 and 1366.

Thunderbolt Mosque (Yıldırım Camii).

Built between 1390 and 1395, it is made entirely of stone.

Green Mosque (Yeşil Camii).

Built between 1414 and 1419.

Muradiye Mosque.

Built between 1425 and 1426.

Edirne.

Ancient Mosque (Gu Si).

Built in 1413, this is the first mosque in Edirne.

Muradiye Mosque.

Built in 1436, it was originally a Sufi lodge before becoming a mosque.

Three Balcony Mosque (Üç Şerefeli Camii).

Construction began in 1438; it is the first Ottoman mosque with a central dome and a portico.

Kasim Pasha Mosque.

Built in 1479, it was abandoned due to the construction of a dam.

Ruins

Sultan Bayezid II Mosque.

Built between the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Selimiye Mosque

Built between 1567 and 1575, it is considered a peak achievement in Ottoman architecture.

Istanbul

Atik Ali Pasha Mosque

Built in 1496.

Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque

Built from 1520 to 1527, it is an Ottoman imperial mosque.

Mihrimah Sultan Mosque

Built from 1543 to 1548, it is the first semi-domed mosque by Mimar Sinan.

Sehzade Mosque

Built between 1543 and 1548, it is Mimar Sinan's most important early work.

Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque

Built in 1551.

Sinan Pasha Mosque

Completed in 1555, it is known as a smaller version of the Three Balcony Mosque (Uc Serefeli Cami).

Suleymaniye Mosque

Built from 1550 to 1557, it had the highest dome in the Ottoman Empire at that time.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque

Built from 1567 to 1572.

Mihrimah Sultan Mosque

Built from 1563 to 1570.

Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque

Finally completed in 1572.

Mimar Sinan Mosque

Built in 1573, it was destroyed by fire in 1918, but the minaret remains.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque

Built in 1578

Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque

Built between 1578 and 1580

Şemsi Pasha Mosque

Built in 1581, it is very small

Molla Çelebi Mosque

Built between 1570 and 1584, it features a perfect hexagonal design

Valide Sultan Mosque

Completed in 1586

Nişancı Mehmed Pasha Mosque

Built between 1584 and 1589

Zal Mahmut Pasha Mosque

Built between 1577 and 1590, it was an original experiment from Mimar Sinan's later years

Harem Mosque

Used by the concubines of the Topkapi Palace Harem

Ağalar Mosque

The main mosque of Topkapi Palace, first built in the 15th century

Sofa Mosque

Located at the back of Topkapi Palace, built in the early 19th century

Eyüp Sultan Mosque

First built in 1458 and rebuilt in 1798, it is a holy religious site in Istanbul

Rüstem Pasha Mosque

Built between 1561 and 1563, it is known as Mimar Sinan's most beautiful mosque

Elhac Timurtaş Mosque

Built in the 1460s, it is one of the oldest mosques in Istanbul and has been rebuilt many times throughout history.

Bayezid II Mosque

Built between 1501 and 1506, it is the oldest surviving imperial mosque in Istanbul.

Mahmut Pasha Mosque

Built in 1464, it is one of the earliest mosques constructed within the city of Istanbul.

Hagia Sophia Mosque

Completed in 537, two minarets (bangke ta) were added in the mid-16th century. In the late 16th century, Mimar Sinan added 24 buttresses for support and built two more minarets.

Dolmabahçe Mosque

Built between 1853 and 1855, it is a representative work of 19th-century Ottoman eclecticism.

Mardin

Great Mosque

The earliest parts date back to the 10th century, and the minaret was built in 1176.

Abdullatif Mosque

Built in 1371, it is known as the final classic work of the Artuqid dynasty.

Seyh Cabuk Mosque

It is believed to have been built during the 15th-century Kara Koyunlu period and was rebuilt in the 19th century.

Sehidiye Mosque

Originally built in 1214 during the Artuqid dynasty.

Dinari Pamuk Mosque

Originally built in the 11th century and rebuilt in 1332 during the Artuqid dynasty.

Melik Mahmut Mosque

Built in 1362.

Diyarbakir

Great Mosque

It was first built in the 7th century, and the current structure was built by the Seljuk Empire in 1092.

Nebi Mosque

It was first built during the 15th-century Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.

Hazreti Süleyman Mosque

It was first built by the Inalid dynasty in 1160, and expanded in the 16th century by order of Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire.

Nasuh Pasha Mosque

It was built in the early 17th century.

Kurşunlu Mosque

It was built between 1516 and 1520 and is also the first Ottoman mosque in Diyarbakir.

Kadı Mosque

It was built in 1533.

Sheikh Matar Mosque

It was built in 1500 during the late Aq Qoyunlu dynasty.

Behram Pasha Mosque

It was built between 1564 and 1572.

Iskender Pasha Mosque

It was first built in 1551 or 1554 and completed in 1557.

Ömer Şeddat Mosque

It was built in the mid-12th century during the Inalid dynasty.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Gazi Husrev Bey Mosque

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